2026-10-30T05:33:44Zhttps://munzur-rdlopen.rawdatalibrary.net/oai/request

oai:munzur-rdlopen.rawdatalibrary.net:munzur/9892026-10-28T15:28:24Zopenairedrivercom_munzur_1col_munzur_2com_munzur_8col_munzur_154

Freeze–Thaw Performance and Microstructural Stability of Alkali-Activated Slag Mortars Incorporating Mussel Shell WasteŞahin Yön, Mervealkali-activated mussel shell/slag mortarfreeze–thaw testmechanical propertiesmussel shellThis study investigates the use of mussel shells (MSs), a biogenic by-product of the food industry, as a partial replacement for ground granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) in alkali-activated mortars. Given their high CaCO3 content, MSs represent a sustainable secondary raw material that reduces both waste disposal burden and reliance on natural resources, while offering a low-carbon alternative to conventional cement-based binders. Alkali-activated mussel shell/slag mortars (AAMSs) were produced with MS replacement ratios of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by mass of GBFS. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) were used as alkaline activators. Fresh specimens were cured at 60 °C for 48 h. The experimental program included workability, compressive and flexural strength, water absorption, porosity, density, capillarity, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), and freeze–thaw (F-T) resistance tests. Increasing MS content slightly reduced flowability and mechanical strength, while increasing water absorption, porosity, and capillarity. The M0 series achieved the highest 28-day compressive strength (54.06 MPa), while M15 exhibited the highest flexural strength (5.23 MPa). Following F-T cycling, the 5% and 10% MS series demonstrated the best compressive strength (30 MPa). The 10% MS exhibits a relatively balanced overall performance, providing the best balance between mechanical performance, F-T resistance, and microstructural stability, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analyses showing elevated Ca/Si ratios and the formation of Ca-rich crystalline phases.Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)2026Articlehttps://rdlopen.rawdatalibrary.net/r/munzur/989https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings161325112075-5309enBuildingsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttps://munzur-rdlopen.rawdatalibrary.net/tr/items/munzur/989