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- MakaleAçık Erişim2026Scopus SJRQ2Local Scour Process in Conduit Aerated Water Jets
Tuna, M. Cihat; Acar, Ramazan; Tunç, Mustafa
High-velocity water jets emerging from hydraulic structures cause local scouring in downstream areas, creating significant risks to structural safety. In this study, the effects of natural aeration provided through pressurized pipes on jet-induced scouring were investigated through laboratory experiments. A total of 60 experiments were conducted for different gate openings, flow rates, and downstream water levels; the scour geometries created by aerated and non-aerated jets were compared. The aeration level was defined by the dimensionless air-to-water flow ratio (Qa/Qw); maximum scour depth, scour length, scour slope angle, and jet fall distance were considered as basic evaluation parameters. The experimental results showed that increased aeration significantly reduced the maximum scour depth and scour length while moving the point of contact of the jet further upstream. While the scour depth and slope angles reached their highest values in non-aerated jets, shallower and flatter scour profiles were formed in aerated conditions. An empirical relationship predicting the maximum scour depth using experimental data has been developed and found to be in high correlation with the measured values (R2 = 0.93). The findings reveal that channel aeration is an effective method for reducing scouring and demonstrate that this approach can be considered a safe and economical alternative in the design of spillways, wastewater treatment plants, and similar hydraulic systems.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2026Scopus SJRQ1The effect of hydrostatic water level on the local scour downstream of plunging aerated jets
Tunc, Mustafa; Aytac, Ayca; Tuna, M. Cihat; Acar, Ramazan
This paper reports an experimental study on the effect of hydrostatic water level on local scour downstream of plunge aerated jets. To examine the shape of the scour for non-cohesive bed material, different flow and air rates, and different aeration capabilities, hydrostatic water level circumstances were tested. The water jets were aerated using conduit systems with varying cover opening ratios. Measurements were made to determine the length of the scour hole, the value of the maximum scour depth, the location of the maximum scour depth, and the scour hole profile in equilibrium. The current findings show that downstream hydrostatic water levels have a significant impact on the maximum depth and area of scour. Additionally, it was discovered that the conduit gate opening ratio and aeration performance (Qa/Qw) are crucial factors that affect the geometry and diameters of scour holes. The properties of scour caused by various hydrostatic levels were systematically compared to develop empirical correlations for predicting the maximum scour depth. Consequently, predictive emprical formulas incorporating these hydrostatic variations and aeration parameters are presented to improve engineering design accuracy.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2026Scopus SJRQ1Optimization of scours downstream of conduit aerators
Arici, Erdinc; Tuna, M. Cihat; Aytac, Ayca; Acar, Ramazan; Tunc, Mustafa
Dams, wastewater treatment plants, and aquaculture areas often require aeration, making it crucial for hydraulic engineers to predict the physical properties of scour holes occurring on the downstream side of conduits. Conduit systems that provide high aeration performance necessitate multiple optimization studies to simultaneously maximize the scour parameters and the system’s physical properties. In this study, the physical parameters of conduit systems and downstream scour parameters were optimized using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). The optimum system parameters were identified based on the experimental results through ANN-based optimization. Additionally, the real and optimal effects of the parameters on aeration performance and scour were determined. The results of the study demonstrated that ANN can be effectively used in studies aimed at optimizing the aeration performance and scour values of conduits. This study is the first to apply ANN for the simultaneous optimization of both aeration efficiency (Qa/Qw) and scour characteristics (dmax and δ) in a conduit-based hydraulic system. Previous studies have typically focused on either scour or aeration individually; this study integrates both through a multi-objective ANN model. The findings provide novel insights for the design and retrofitting of energy-dissipating conduit structures in high-head dam applications. Unlike traditional empirical or regression-based approaches, the ANN model captures complex, nonlinear relationships among multiple interacting hydraulic variables. It identified optimal parameter combinations — such as 70% gate opening, 1.30–1.50 m conduit length, and 9 mm air hole diameter — that improve both aeration and scour behavior. These outcomes offer direct applicability for real-world hydraulic system optimization.
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