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- MakaleAçık Erişim2024Scopus SJRQ2A Provincial Centre on the western border of Urartu: Palu Fortress
Danismaz, Harun
Palu Kalesi is a fortress site situated in modern Elazig province. In the Middle Iron Age, this region was the western borderland of the Urartian Kingdom and the primary contact zone where political and cultural relations transpired between the Urartu and the neighbouring Neo-Hittite kingdoms. The site was also a strategically crucial military post that provided logistic support for the Urartian armies during their western expeditions. The fortress was built as a provincial centre shortly after the foundation of the Urartian Kingdom, and the settlement lasted for a long time until the fall of the kingdom. This study presents previously unrecognised archaeological remains, which were identified during our recent investigations at Palu Fortress. Our survey of the site revealed that the Middle Iron Age citadel consisted of two sectors, and the Lower Citadel was enclosed by sturdy fortifications and terrace walls reinforced with bastions. Moreover, while Urartian rock signs were already recorded at Palu, our investigations documented previously unknown rock signs at the site. In addition, other previously unrecognised features dating to the post-Urartian periods were identified by our recent investigations, including five single-roomed rock-cut tombs and two stepped rock-cut tunnels. To better understand the relationship of the archaeological features at the site, a topographic map of Palu Fortress was drawn and visible archaeological remains dated to the Urartian and post-Urartian periods were marked on this map. In addition, the multi-roomed tombs of the Urartian period were scanned using Lidar sensors, and Lidar data were used to generate 3D models and rectified plans of the tombs. Finally, a preliminary virtual 3D reconstruction of the Urartian period fortifications was generated on the basis of recently discovered remains.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2020Diauehi and Urartian Tribal Centers in the Context of the Urartian Administration System; [Urartu Kralligi'nin Idari Sistemi Baglaminda Diauehi ve Urartu Aşiret Merkezleri]
Danişmaz, Harun; Konyar, Erkan
The Diauehi region, located in the northwest border of Urartian Kingdom, is called the Upper Aras basin nowadays. The Urartian remains in the Upper Aras basin have been found in the Hasankale/Pasinler, Marifet and Yoǧunhasan fortresses. Apart from these settlements, to the east of the basin are the Hamamli and Hasankale inscriptions, to the south are the Avnik, Delibaba and Yazilitaş inscriptions, and the Süngütaş inscription is located on the route to the north. From its early years onwards, the Urartian Kingdom tried to transform the Diauehi region through military campaigns and administrative arrangements. However, this transformation appears to have been different from the center of the kingdom, the Lake Van Basin, where the majority of the royal cities we are located. Instead of building new cities in the region, the kingdom's strategy was focused on conducting military campaigns to weaken the existing tribes and allying with the powerful ones. During the military campaigns dating to the early years of the kingdom, the tribe leaders who were also named as kings paid a tribute and accepted the authority of Urartians.
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