Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları

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• MakaleYalnız künye2026Scopus SJRQ2/r/munzur/1191
  Influence of Low-SiC Content on the Tribological and Electrical Properties of Cu Composites Produced by Spark Plasma Sintering

  Çelik, Ertuğrul

  In this study, copper matrix composites reinforced with varying silicon carbide (SiC) contents (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1 wt.%) were fabricated using spark plasma sintering (SPS). The effects of SiC reinforcement on the microstructure, hardness, porosity, electrical conductivity, and tribological performance were systematically investigated. Brinell hardness values increased with higher SiC content, reaching up to 76 HB for the 1 wt.% SiC composite. This improvement was accompanied by a gradual increase in porosity from 0.6 to 2.1%. Electrical conductivity decreased from 93% IACS to 66% IACS with increasing SiC content. Tribological tests revealed that the specific wear rate was significantly reduced, reaching as low as 1.1 × 10−4 mm3/N m at 15 N due to the formation of a protective tribolayer. These results demonstrate that incorporating small amounts of SiC can substantially improve hardness and wear resistance, while maintaining acceptable electrical performance, making Cu-SiC composites promising candidates for durable electrical contact applications.

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• MakaleYalnız künye2026Scopus SJRQ2/r/munzur/926
  Influence of Boron Addition on the Microstructure, Mechanical, and Corrosion Behavior of NiCrBSi Alloys Prepared by Spark Plasma Sintering

  Çelik, Ertuğrul

  This study investigates the effect of boron addition on the microstructural, mechanical, and corrosion properties of NiCrBSi alloy fabricated by the spark plasma sintering (SPS) method. Boron was added at levels of 1.5, 3, and 4.5 wt.%, and sintering was conducted at 950 °C for 5 min. Microstructural characterization was carried out using SEM–EDS and XRD analyses, hardness was measured by the Vickers method, and densities were determined according to Archimedes’ principle. The transverse rupture strength (TRS) was obtained by three-point bending tests, while wear performance was evaluated in a reciprocating wear mode. Corrosion behavior was examined through potentiodynamic polarization in a 0.1 M HCl solution. Increasing boron content promoted the formation of nickel and chromium boride phases, enhancing hardness (up to 675 HV0.5) and wear resistance but reducing TRS values due to brittle intermetallic formation. Furthermore, corrosion protection efficiency improved, reaching about 65.9% at 4.5 wt.% B addition.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2026Scopus SJRQ2/r/munzur/878
  Effect of Zinc Content on the Mechanical, Corrosion, Tribological and Electrical Properties of Spark Plasma-Sintered Copper/Graphene Composites

  Özkaya, Serdar; Adabaş, Yaren; Çelebi, Müslim; Karabacak, Abdullah Hasan; Çelik, Ertuğrul

  Copper-based hybrid metal matrix composites reinforced with graphene and zinc were developed to achieve a balanced combination of mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, wear performance, and electrical conductivity. In this study, Cu matrix composites containing a constant graphene content of 1 wt.% and varying Zn contents (0, 5, 10, and 15 wt.%) were fabricated through mechanical alloying followed by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS). The effects of zinc content on microstructure, densification, hardness, corrosion behavior, tribological performance, and electrical conductivity were systematically investigated. Microstructural analyses revealed that the combined use of graphene and Zn significantly influenced grain refinement, interfacial stability, and densification behavior. The composite containing 10 wt.% Zn exhibited the highest relative density (~90.5%) and maximum hardness (62 HB), indicating an optimal reinforcement level. Corrosion tests conducted in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution demonstrated that the 10 wt.% Zn composite showed the most noble corrosion potential and the lowest corrosion current density, which was attributed to reduced porosity and improved microstructural homogeneity. Tribological results confirmed that graphene contributed to a self-lubricating effect, while Zn enhanced load-bearing capacity, leading to improved wear resistance under increasing normal loads. Electrical conductivity measurements showed a gradual decrease with increasing Zn content, mainly due to solid-solution-induced electron scattering in the Cu matrix; however, the fixed graphene addition and effective SPS consolidation helped preserve conductive pathways, allowing all composites to retain acceptable conductivity levels. The results indicate that the hybrid Cu–graphene–Zn composites exhibit a balanced combination of mechanical, corrosion, tribological, and electrical properties, with 10 wt.% Zn emerging as the optimal composition.

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  AtıfScopus1·WoS1·OpenAlex1

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2026Scopus SJRQ1/r/munzur/857
  The Role of Graphene on Microstructural, Mechanical, and Tribological Properties of Cu–AlCrFeCuNi Metal Matrix Composites Fabricated via Spark Plasma Sintering

  Yanar, Harun; Çelebİ, Müslİm; Sekban, Dursun Murat; Özkaya, Serdar; Karabacak, Abdullah Hasan; Çelİk, Ertuğrul

  In this study, Cu-based AlCrFeCuNi high-entropy alloy (HEA) composites reinforced with graphene were fabricated using a mechanical-alloying-assisted spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique. The HEA reinforcement content was kept constant at 20 wt pct for all samples, while the graphene content was varied at 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 wt pct to investigate its influence on the microstructure, hardness, and tribological performance. The results indicate that both the HEA particles and graphene exhibit an almost homogeneous distribution within the matrix; however, increasing graphene content led to noticeable graphene accumulation along grain boundaries. With higher graphene fractions, the relative density decreased from 97.51 to 94.92 pct, whereas the hardness increased up to the 1.0 wt pct graphene addition, reaching 134.16 HB, followed by a slight decrease to 129.25 HB at 2.0 wt pct. Furthermore, graphene reinforcement significantly improved the tribological behavior of the composites, providing a substantial reduction in wear. The addition of graphene significantly decreased the coefficient of friction from about ~ 0.70 in the Cu–HEA alloy to 0.08 at 2.0 wt pct graphene. Graphene also suppressed the pronounced frictional fluctuations observed in the base alloy, leading to a much more stable sliding behavior. As a result, wear loss was reduced by nearly 99 pct, primarily due to the formation of a continuous lubricating tribofilm on the contact surface.

  AtıfScopus3·WoS4·OpenAlex4

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2026Scopus SJRQ2/r/munzur/785
  Tribological Performance of SPS-Fabricated Cu-HEA/Gr Composites Under Current-Carrying Sliding Contact

  Ozkaya, Serdar; Çelebi, Müslim; Yanar, Harun; Karabacak, Abdullah Hasan; Çelik, Ertuğrul; Güler, Onur; Coskun, Abdulkadir; Sekban, Dursun Murat

  Cu-based hybrid composites reinforced with AlCrFeCuNi high-entropy alloy (HEA) particles and graphene were successfully fabricated by spark plasma sintering (SPS) to investigate the combined effects of microstructure, mechanical properties, and tribological performance under electrical current. Microstructural observations revealed a dense and homogeneous distribution of HEA particles within the Cu matrix, while the addition of 2.0 wt.% graphene promoted noticeable grain refinement due to its grain boundary pinning effect. Although graphene addition provided beneficial effects in terms of grain refinement and electrical conductivity, it also increased the porosity from 2.49% to 5.08%. Consequently, the beneficial contribution of graphene to mechanical strengthening was substantially offset by the adverse effect of increased porosity, resulting in only a marginal increase in hardness from 127 HB to 129 HB. The addition of 2.0 wt.% graphene led to a pronounced change in the tribological behavior of the composites. The Cu–HEA exhibited relatively stable friction behavior but experienced a higher wear rate under all test conditions. In comparison, the Cu–HEA–2.0 Gr composite demonstrated a lower coefficient of friction and wear rate at 0–10 A, which is consistent with the possible formation of a graphene-rich lubricating surface layer. A clear transition occurred at 30 A, where the coefficient of friction and wear rate began to increase, while at 50 A, further increases in both parameters were observed, suggesting progressive disruption of the proposed protective surface layer under the investigated current-carrying sliding conditions.

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• MakaleYalnız künye2025/r/munzur/6017
  The Investigation of the Weldability of Ti6Al4V Alloy with Different Stainless Steel Series Using Copper Interlayer via Friction Welding

  Çelık, Ertugrul

  Friction welding is a solid-state welding method used for joining metals with different properties, providing minimal thermal deformation in welded joints. Based on this advantageous feature of friction welding, this study investigates the weldability of Ti6Al4V alloy with 316L, 316Ti, 310, 430, and 304 series stainless steels using a Cu powder interlayer. Following the experimental procedures, the microstructures of the materials were analyzed using SEM-EDX, their macrostructures were visually inspected for physical changes, microhardness measurements were taken, and tensile tests were performed. It was observed that the Cu powder interlayer significantly influenced the reactions and bonding between the materials, playing a crucial role in both microstructure and mechanical properties. In this study, successful joining results were achieved using the friction welding method, and the microstructural characteristics and mechanical performance of the welded joints were thoroughly evaluated. Upon examining the microhardness results, no significant variations in hardness values were observed on the Ti6Al4V side.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2025/r/munzur/6013
  Elazığ İli Örneğine Ait On-Grid Çatı Üstü Güneş Enerji Santralinin Yıllık Gerçek Üretim Verilerinin PV*SOL Simülasyon Değerleri ile Karşılaştırılması

  Celik, Ertugrul; Özdemir, Osman

  Geçmişten bugüne kadar insanoğlunun temel gereksinimlerinin karşılanması için enerjiye ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Dünyada nüfusun hızlı bir şekilde yükselmesi, teknolojik faaliyetlerin gelişimiyle birlikte enerji tüketimi gün geçtikçe artmaktadır. Günümüzde artan enerji talebini karşılamak için fosil yakıtlar ve yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları kullanılmaktadır. Yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları, doğal süreçler aracılığıyla sürekli olarak yenilenen ve fosil yakıtlarla karşılaştırıldığında düşük emisyon değerlerine sahip olan çevre dostu enerji üretim kaynaklarıdır. Güneş enerjisi sistemlerindeki teknolojik ilerlemeler, maliyetlerin düşmesi ve verimliliğin artması, güneş enerjisini yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları arasında güçlü bir alternatif haline getirmektedir. Özellikle arazi ve çatılara kurulan Güneş Enerji Santrallerinin (GES) sayısı gün geçtikçe artmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Elazığ ili sınırları içinde sanayi bölgesinde bir işletmenin çatısına kurulmuş şebekeye bağlı çatı (on-grid) üstü GES sistemi ele alınmıştır. Çatı üstü GES toplam 165 adet, 545 Watt gücünde monokristal panellerden oluşmakta olup toplam gücü 89,9 kWp’tir. Sistem performansını artırmak amacıyla seçilen alan için en iyi yönelimi ve eğim açısını bulmak amacıyla PV*SOL yazılımı kullanıldı. Bu çalışmada mevcut GES sisteminin bir yıllık enerji üretim verileri aylara göre incelenerek, PV*SOL simülasyonunda elde edilen benzetim sonuçları ile karşılaştırılarak PV*SOL yazılımının doğruluk oranı değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda PV*SOL simülasyon programından elde edilen veriler ile çatı üstü GES gerçek verileri arasında %0,03 fark olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu sonuçlar göz önüne alındığında, uygulaması yapılan enerji sisteminin teknik ve ekonomik olarak uygun olduğu söylenebilir.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2025Scopus SJRQ2/r/munzur/1425
  Effect of B4C Amount on Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Cu/h-BN/B4C Metal Matrix Composites Fabricated via Spark Plasma Sintering

  Çelebi, Müslim; Karabacak, Abdullah Hasan; Özkaya, Serdar; Çelik, Ertuğrul; Sekban, Dursun Murat; Çanakçı, Aykut; Yanar, Harun

  Copper (Cu) is widely used in electrical, electronic, and tribological systems owing to its excellent electrical and thermal conductivity. However, its relatively low hardness and poor wear resistance limit its use in demanding engineering applications. In this study, Cu-based hybrid metal matrix composites (MMCs) reinforced with hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) and boron carbide (B4C) were fabricated via spark plasma sintering (SPS) to improve their mechanical and tribological performance. The h-BN content was fixed at 1 wt.% to ensure solid lubrication, while the B4C content was varied (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1 wt.%) to examine its influence on the microstructural, mechanical, electrical, and wear properties of the composites. Microstructural analyses confirmed a homogeneous distribution of h-BN and B4C particles in the Cu matrix at low and moderate reinforcement levels, whereas excessive B4C resulted in partial agglomeration and reduced densification. All composites achieved relative densities above 95%, demonstrating the high densification efficiency of the SPS process. Hardness increased markedly with B4C addition due to dispersion strengthening and grain refinement, while electrical conductivity decreased slightly because of the insulating nature of the reinforcements. Tribological tests showed that the composite containing 0.75 wt.% B4C exhibited the best performance, with the lowest wear rate and stable friction behavior. Overall, the results indicate that co-reinforcing Cu with h-BN and B4C through SPS is a promising strategy for developing multifunctional materials suitable for electrical contact and sliding applications.

  AtıfScopus11·WoS12·OpenAlex12

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• MakaleYalnız künye2024Scopus SJRQ1/r/munzur/1619
  Microstructure, mechanical, and cutting performance properties of B4C and SiC reinforced sandwich composite segments

  Islak, Serkan; Çelik, Ertuğrul; Erol, Mümtaz; Houssain, Hasaneen

  This study aims to extend the work-life of diamond-cutting segments and to economize the operating cost of diamond-cutting tools. In order to achieve this object, bronze matrix sandwich segments reinforced with SiC and B4C were produced utilizing the hot pressing technique. In the term of the cutting segments, it is favorable that the outer layers are wear-resistant and the middle layer is tough. SEM and XRD analysis were used to determine the microstructural properties. Mechanical properties were evaluated by conducting hardness, wear, cutting performance, and three-point bending tests. The cutting performance of the segments was determined by turning andesite marble. SEM examinations showed that SiC and B4C grains were homogeneously distributed in the bronze matrix. The highest hardness value was 113.9 HB in the B4C reinforced sandwich segment. The reciprocating wear test findings indicated that the matrix exhibited the lowest wear rate in the B4C reinforced sandwich composite segment, followed by the hybrid sandwich composite segment. The lowest amount of cutting loss after turning andesite stone was achieved in the SiC, and B4C reinforced hybrid sandwich composite segment. The cutting performance of the hybrid sandwich composite segment increased by 46.15 % compared to the conventional segment without additives. The highest value of the transverse rupture strength of the specimens was 380 MPa for the B4C reinforced sandwich composite segment and 352 MPa for the hybrid sandwich composite segment. Considering all the tests and analyses, the hybrid sandwich composite segment sample may be the most suitable for diamond-cutting tools.

  AtıfScopus4·WoS4·OpenAlex5

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• MakaleYalnız künye2024Scopus SJRQ1/r/munzur/1589
  Effect of boron on microstructure, thermal, and mechanical properties of Ni–B matrix diamond cutting tools

  Islak, Serkan; Çelik, Ertuğrul; Houssain, Hasaneen; Danacı, Hacer Cemre

  This study examines the impact of adding boron on the microstructural, thermal, and mechanical properties of Ni–B alloy matrix diamond cutting segments, which are created using the hot pressing process. Microstructure was investigated using SEM-EDS and XRD analysis. The high-temperature oxidation behavior of the samples was determined by thermogravimetric analysis. The hardness was quantified employing Vickers hardness testing, as well as, sample densities were derived based on Archimedes' principle. The wear resistance was evaluated using the reciprocating wear test method. A three-point bending test was used to examine how the diamond grains were retained inside the Ni–B matrix. The XRD investigations identified the formation of Ni, Ni3B, and Ni2B phases. The thermogravimetric analysis results showed that Ni–B alloys were exposed to oxidation at elevated temperatures as the B content increased, However, a hardness improvement was observed as the B content increased due to the formation of borides. Furthermore, the tribological investigation reveals that adding the B as reinforcement has a positive effect at a specific amount, where the optimal wear resistance and minimal friction coefficient were evident at 6% B contained sample.

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