Danışmaz, Harun; Adalı, Selim Ferruh; Şahin, Özgür

This study is concerned with the evaluation of a recently discovered Aramaic inscription and other archaeological remains found at Rabat Fortress (in Tunceli, Türkiye). The Hellenistic period Aramaic funerary text was composed in memory of a local lord from Sophene’s local political elite, with connections to the Orontid dynasty. This is the first known local Aramaic inscription from Sophene. The Aramaic inscription introduced in this study provides significant new information about the Hellenistic-period context for rock-cut stepped tunnels and single-roomed rock-cut tombs known across eastern Anatolia. The Rabat Fortress site provides corroborating evidence for the dating of the stepped tunnels that exhibit the same rock-cutting techniques in the same region to the Hellenistic and later periods in the rocky landscape. The inscription is rendered in a unique Sophene adaptation of the Middle Aramaic script extant on a corner block inside the Fortress. Its funerary context in rocky landscape and the inscription’s script and content indicate that the local elite at Rabat Fortress used Aramaic, and the notion of Orontid lineage to connect with the kingdom of Sophene’s central authority, which positioned itself between Hellenistic and Iranian traditions.

İncele

Danismaz, Harun

Palu Kalesi is a fortress site situated in modern Elazig province. In the Middle Iron Age, this region was the western borderland of the Urartian Kingdom and the primary contact zone where political and cultural relations transpired between the Urartu and the neighbouring Neo-Hittite kingdoms. The site was also a strategically crucial military post that provided logistic support for the Urartian armies during their western expeditions. The fortress was built as a provincial centre shortly after the foundation of the Urartian Kingdom, and the settlement lasted for a long time until the fall of the kingdom. This study presents previously unrecognised archaeological remains, which were identified during our recent investigations at Palu Fortress. Our survey of the site revealed that the Middle Iron Age citadel consisted of two sectors, and the Lower Citadel was enclosed by sturdy fortifications and terrace walls reinforced with bastions. Moreover, while Urartian rock signs were already recorded at Palu, our investigations documented previously unknown rock signs at the site. In addition, other previously unrecognised features dating to the post-Urartian periods were identified by our recent investigations, including five single-roomed rock-cut tombs and two stepped rock-cut tunnels. To better understand the relationship of the archaeological features at the site, a topographic map of Palu Fortress was drawn and visible archaeological remains dated to the Urartian and post-Urartian periods were marked on this map. In addition, the multi-roomed tombs of the Urartian period were scanned using Lidar sensors, and Lidar data were used to generate 3D models and rectified plans of the tombs. Finally, a preliminary virtual 3D reconstruction of the Urartian period fortifications was generated on the basis of recently discovered remains.

İncele

Danışmaz, Harun; Şahin, Özgür

Bu çalışmada Tunceli Arkeoloji Müzesi depolarında yer alan beş mühür değerlendirilecektir. Mühürlerin üçü silindir diğer ikisi ise damga biçimindedir. Keban Barajı Havzası’ndan toplandığı anlaşılan bu mü- hürlerin kesin tarihlemesini yapmak oldukça zordur. Fakat mühürlerin tipolojisi ve motifler üzerinden yapılan karşılaştırmalarda birinin Cemdet Nasr dönemine tarihlendiği anlaşılmaktadır. Bu durumu Ke- ban Havzası’nda yapılan kazılardan elde edilen veriler de desteklemektedir. En yakın benzerlerinin yine Keban Barajı alanında yer alan Norşuntepe’de bulunması dikkat çekicidir. Kalan iki silindir mühürden biri mö II bin yıla tarihlendiği ve en yakın benzerlerinin Suriye bölgesinde olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Diğer silindir mühür ise mö I. binyıla tarihlenmektedir. Mühür bezemeleri üzerinde yapılan karşılaştırmalarda bunların Anadolu, Suriye ve Mezopotamya etkileri olduğu görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada değerlendiri- len damga mühürler ise Demir Çağı’na tarihlenmektedir. Özellikle damga mühürlerin birinin üzerinde bulunan kartal figürü Urartu Krallığı’nda mö 7. yüzyılda yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Formundan hareketle konik biçimli damga mührün de Urartu Dönemine tarihlenebileceği söylenebilir.

AtıfTR Dizin1

İncele

Özdemir, Abdulkadir; Danışmaz, Harun

Bu çalışmada Doğu Anadolu bölgesindeki Murat Höyük ve Murat Tepe’de yapılan kazılarda elde edilmiş, daha önce yayınlanmamış kırmızı perdahlı Urartu çanak çömleği ile çömlekçi işaretleri değerlendirilmiştir. Bu sayede Urartu kentlerinden kırsal bölgelere olan kültürel etki hakkında daha tutarlı bilgiler edinilmiştir. Murat Höyük ve Murat Tepe adını aldığı Murat Nehri’nin kuzeydoğu kıyısında nehrin doğuya doğru menderes yaptığı noktada yer alır. Burada iki yerleşme yan yana bulunmaktadır. Murat Tepe’de yapılan kazılarda Ortaçağ ve Orta Demir Çağı’na tarihlenen iki yapı katı ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Bitişiğindeki Murat Höyükte ise Ortaçağ, Orta Demir, Erken Demir ve İlk Tunç Çağı’na tarihlenen tabakalar belgelenmiştir. Her iki yerleşmede az miktarda çömlekçi işaretleri ve kırmızı perdahlı çanak çömlek malzemesi ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Araştırmalar çömlekçi işaretleri ve kırmızı perdahlı çanak çömleğin çoğunlukla Urartu kentlerindeki elit/saraylı kısım tarafından kullandığını ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Benzer malzemenin Urartu kentlerinin uzağında kırsal bir bölgede yer alan Murat Höyük ve Murat Tepe’de ortaya çıkarılması, krallığın kültürel etkisi hakkında önemli bilgi sağlamaktadır.

İncele

Danismaz, Harun; Köroglu, Kemalettin

Solhan Kalesi [Solhan Fortress] lies at the western tip of the Solhan Plain from which it derives its name. The fortress site was discovered in 2019 during surveys. Drywall fortifications reinforced with bastions and foundations from various buildings inside the fortification walls have been documented at the site. Ceramics and slag found at Solhan Fortress indicate that the site may have been a tribal center in the Iron Age. However, the architectural features of the fortress, especially the fortifications with bastions, are notably different from other Iron Age sites in the region. Surface finds do not include painted or glazed ceramics from the Medieval Period. Current findings indicate Solhan Fortress to have been inhabited for a long period from the Middle Iron Age to the Medieval Period.

AtıfWoS1

İncele

Özdemir, Abdulkadir; Danışmaz, Harun

Murat Höyük is located on the bank of the Murat River in Solhan district of modern Bingöl province in Eastern Anatolia. This study presents two archaeological finds of the Middle Iron Age – an amulet bearing divine symbols and a “dimpled goblet” – from the second settlement phase of the site. Threatened by the construction of Aşağı Kaleköy hydroelectric dam, Murat Höyük was registered by Erzurum Regional Board of Cultural Heritage Preservation in 2018 and immediate action was taken for salvage excavations. Murat Höyük Excavations were conducted by a team of specialists under the directorship of Elazığ Museum during a single, long and intensive field season in 2019 prior to the inundation of the mound. Four main settlement phases (I-IV) were documented at Murat Höyük, where Phase II dates to the 9th – 6th centuries BC. The two unique finds presented in this study provide evidence for the inhabitants’ interactions with neighboring cultures during a period when the site was under the domination of the Urartian Kingdom.

AtıfTR Dizin1

İncele

Danişmaz, Harun; Konyar, Erkan

The Diauehi region, located in the northwest border of Urartian Kingdom, is called the Upper Aras basin nowadays. The Urartian remains in the Upper Aras basin have been found in the Hasankale/Pasinler, Marifet and Yoǧunhasan fortresses. Apart from these settlements, to the east of the basin are the Hamamli and Hasankale inscriptions, to the south are the Avnik, Delibaba and Yazilitaş inscriptions, and the Süngütaş inscription is located on the route to the north. From its early years onwards, the Urartian Kingdom tried to transform the Diauehi region through military campaigns and administrative arrangements. However, this transformation appears to have been different from the center of the kingdom, the Lake Van Basin, where the majority of the royal cities we are located. Instead of building new cities in the region, the kingdom's strategy was focused on conducting military campaigns to weaken the existing tribes and allying with the powerful ones. During the military campaigns dating to the early years of the kingdom, the tribe leaders who were also named as kings paid a tribute and accepted the authority of Urartians.

AtıfScopus1·WoS1·OpenAlex1

İncele

Danışmaz, Harun; Demir, Bülent

Çalışmamızda Elazığ İli, Ağın İlçesi, Bademli Köyü sınırları içinde kalan 14 adet kaya mezarı ile cephesikabartmalı khamosorion tipi mezar tanıtılacak, dönemleri hakkında değerlendirmelerde bulunulacaktır. Uzmanlık ve işçilik gerektirdiği anlaşılan kaya mezarları anakaya üzerinde bir giriş kapısıyla ulaşılanodaların yontulmasıyla oluşturulmuştur. Anadolu’da bu gelenek MÖ 1. binyıldan başlayarak MS 7.yüzyıla kadar süren geniş bir zaman aralığında karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Konumuzu oluşturan BademliNekropolü’nde yer alan 14 adet kaya mezarı ile khamosorion tipi lahit mezar önceki dönemlerdedefineciler tarafından soyulmuştur. Dolayısıyla mezar içi buluntulardan nekropolü tarihlemek mümkün değildir. Çoğunluğu tonozlu ve ölü yatağı/kline'li şeklinde yapılan mezar odalarının bazılarındakırmızı kök boya kullanılarak yapılmış çizgisel şeritler ve geometrik süslemeler vardır. Ayrıca nekropolalanında bulunan khamosorion tipi lahit ve üzerinde bulunan kabartmalar tarihleme hakkında bazıipuçları vermektedir.

AtıfTR Dizin1

İncele

Danışmaz, Harun

This study aims to evaluate Anbar Fortress and its multi-roomed rock-cut tomb, located in the Tunceli region. It is a place rarely mentioned in archaeological literature. For the first time the plan of the rock-cut tomb of Anbar is presented here and accordingly the fortress’ place in the Urartian administration system is evaluated. In addition, material culture residues from the site, such as wall foundations, mortared walls, rock steps, cisterns/storage spaces and a rock chapel were analysed and their connection to the tomb is explained. Traces of two different periods are detected in Anbar Fortress. While the wall foundations, multi-roomed rock-cut tomb, and a part of the rock steps can be associated with the Urartian period, the mortared walls, towers, rock steps, cisterns/storage spaces and rock chapel that is located in the southwest of the fortress is dated to the Medieval period.

AtıfScopus1

İncele

Koroglu, Kemalettin; Danismaz, Harun

Stepped rock-cut tunnels are among the most interesting remains at many fortresses in Eastern Anatolia. The construction of these tunnels, which are cut deep into rock surfaces up to a length of 350 m, must have been at least as difficult as that of the fortification walls and expertise would have been required. Stepped rock-cut tunnels and associated fortresses in Eastern Anatolia have not so far been evaluated as a whole. The stepped rock tunnels in Eastern Anatolia have been accepted as one of the basic criteria indicating the Urartian period since the beginning of the 20th century. In this study, we first consider the types of stepped rock-cut tunnels in Eastern Anatolia, the purposes of their construction, and their distribution. We then discuss their dating and our interpretation of the period of their arrival in the region of Eastern Anatolia.

AtıfWoS7·OpenAlex4

İncele