Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları
Yayınlar
- MakaleAçık Erişim2026Scopus SJRQ1Biochemical effects and theoretical study of a metformin in the carp (Cyprinus carpio) fry
İSPİR, Ünal; Tüzün, Burak; KIRICI, Muammer; Poustforoosh, Alireza; YONAR, Muhammet Enis; YONAR, Serpil MİŞE; ŞEKER, Engin
Pharmaceutical chemicals are frequently detected in wastewater, and metformin, an oral hypoglycemic agent, is among the most common. In this study, the effects of metformin on biochemical (total protein, glycogen, lipid) and antioxidant (malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), glutathione S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT)) parameters were investigated in carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) fry. Fish were exposed to 40 and 80 µg/L metformin for 96 h, 14 and 21 days. No mortalities occurred in any group. At 80 µg/L for 21 days, total protein activity and lipid levels significantly decreased. Glycogen activity showed no significant differences compared to controls. Antioxidant parameters measured spectrophotometrically revealed that MDA levels, CAT and GST activities decreased with time but increased with dose, while GSH levels rose with time yet decreased with dose. Overall, significant time- and dose-dependent effects ( p < 0.05) were observed. In silico analyses were also performed. The activity of metformin against antioxidant proteins was evaluated, and molecular dynamics simulations confirmed strong interactions with the most active protein. ADME/T analysis provided pharmacokinetic insights, and Gaussian-based quantum chemical calculations (EHOMO, ELUMO, ΔE, dipole, etc.) characterized electronic and structural properties. These combined results indicate that metformin alters key biochemical pathways in carp fry and has significant reactivity toward antioxidant proteins. Findings suggest potential ecotoxicological risks in aquatic systems and relevance to pharmacological profiling.
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İncele - MakaleAçık Erişim2026Scopus SJRQ2Change of micronucleus frequencies, antioxidant parameters and in silico in carp (Cyprinus carpio) fry exposed to ibuprofen
Kirici, Muammer; Tüzün, Burak; Yonar, Muhammet Enis; Poustforoosh, Alireza; Mişe Yonar, Serpil; Şeker, Engin; İspir, Ünal
Ibuprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, has been detected in the aquatic environment, but little is known about its effects on fish and other aquatic organisms. This study aimed to investigate the effect of ibuprofen on micronucleus levels in erythrocytes and whole-body antioxidant parameters of carp (Cyprinus carpio) fry. Fish were exposed to immersion in two different doses of ibuprofen concentrations (50 and 250 μg/L) for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h and 14 days. No mortalities occurred in any group during the test. Abnormal behaviours such as irregular swimming, loss of balance and hanging vertically in the water were observed in some fish exposed to acute toxicity. In this study, a significant increase in the micronucleus number of red blood cells was observed throughout the study period (p < 0.05). Antioxidant parameters were measured spectrophotometrically. Results obtained showed that ibuprofen significantly increased (p < 0.05) malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, glutathione S-transferase (GST) and catalase (CAT) activities, but decreased (p < 0.05) the glutathione (GSH) levels of whole-body carp fry in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, ibuprofen significantly increased MDA, GST and CAT levels, but increased the GSH levels of whole-body carp fry in a time-dependent manner. These results indicate that carp fry is sensible to human pharmaceutical agents in aquatic environments. The manner and the constructed interactions between ibuprofen and two protein targets (immunoglobin and haemoglobin) were investigated using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation. The results indicated that ibuprofen could affect the haemoglobin activity. Finally, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity analysis was performed to examine the drug potential of the studied molecules.
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