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- MakaleAçık Erişim2026Geological Formation Environments of Rare Earth Elements: Examples from Around the World and Turkiye
Çimen, Okay; Dönmez, Cahit
Rare earth elements (REEs) are critical raw materials used in strategic fields such as defense, energy, electronics, lasers, and sensor technologies, and particularly in the production of permanent magnets including NdFeB and SmCo types. Since the early 2000s, the global supply of rare earth elements has become dominated by China for mining, beneficiation, and separation processes, as non-Chinese producers have lost competitiveness due to high capital requirements and the costs imposed by environmental regulations. This review addresses the geological formation environments, deposit types, and global reserve-resource distributions of REEs within an integrated framework. REE mineralization occurs within primary geological sources such as carbonatites, alkaline magmatic systems, and iron oxide copper-gold (IOCG) deposits, as well as in secondary sources including ion-adsorption clays, placers, and lateritic formations. Primary sources are generally enriched in light REEs and are characterized by high-cost production processes, whereas heavy REEs are predominantly obtained from secondary sources. Globally, REE reserves are estimated to be approximately 90-120 Mt, while potential resources are on the order of similar to 480 Mt, with China occupying a leading position in terms of both reserves and resources. In Europe, Greenland, Sweden, Finland, Norway, Germany, and Turkiye are among the regions with significant REE potential. In Turkiye, the principal REE areas defined at the deposit scale are the Eski & scedil;ehir-K & imath;z & imath;lcaoren (Beylikova) and Malatya-Kuluncak districts. These districts are associated with alkaline magmatism and display enrichment particularly in Nd and Pr (beyond La and Ce), rendering them strategically important for NdFeB permanent magnet production. Recent studies conducted by Eti Maden indicate that the Eski & scedil;ehir-K & imath;z & imath;lcaoren area hosts a large-scale resource of approximately 694 Mt with total REE grades of1.5-1.8%. The Eski & scedil;ehir-K & imath;z & imath;lcaoren area is related to the extensional tectonic regime of Western Anatolia, whereas the Malatya-Kuluncak area is associated with post-collisional alkaline magmatism of Late Cretaceous-Early Paleocene age developed within the Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex. The presence of similar alkaline systems across Turkiye indicates significant potential for REE exploration and critical mineral strategies. This synthesis provides a comprehensive geological reference framework for the development of REE exploration strategies, the diversification of global supply chains, and evaluation of Turkiyes'REE potential.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2025Earthquake Hazard in Urban Areas of Bursa Province: Paleosismological Properties of the Ulubat, Bursa and İnegöl Active Faults
Karabacak, Volkan; Sançar, Taylan
This study provides a detailed mapping of active fault segments in Bursa and its surrounding regions, along with a comprehensive analysis of seismic behavior derived from paleoseismological data. As one of T & uuml;rkiyes' strategic economic centers with a dense population and industrial infrastructure, Bursa requires a holistic seismic risk assessment for effective disaster preparedness and mitigation. Paleoseismological analyses of the eastern segment of the Ulubat Fault indicate that it has been in a seismic quiescence period for approximately 1855 years. This prolonged period of inactivity highlights the potential for a large earthquake in the future around the Nil & uuml;fer Region of Bursa. Trench investigations conducted in Bursa city-centre reveal that the Bursa Fault has produced at least six surface ruptures over the past 12000 years, recurring approximately every 2000 years. Additionally, trench studies on the & Idot;neg & ouml;l Fault indicate that the & Idot;neg & ouml;l Fault has produced at least five surface ruptures over the last 12000 years, with the most recent major earthquake occurring more than 2500 years ago. Obtained results emphasize the potential for the Bursa and & Idot;neg & ouml;l faults to rupture simultaneously or in close succession, possibly triggering one another. Thus, the surface rupture caused by the 1855 Bursa earthquake is evaluated to have potentially triggered stress accumulation along the & Idot;neg & ouml;l Fault. This situation reveals a high probability of a surface-rupturing earthquake (M=6.2-6.9) occurring at any time on the & Idot;neg & ouml;l Fault, after 2500 years of seismic silence. Overall, these findings underscore the critical role of the faults in Bursa and its surroundings within the regional seismicity. In particular, the potential for sequential ruptures along the Bursa and & Idot;neg & ouml;l faults presents a significant earthquake hazard. This comprehensive analysis contributes to a deeper understanding of the seismotectonic dynamics of the region, providing valuable insights for seismic hazard assessment and risk mitigation efforts.
AtıfWoS2OpenAlex3
İncele - MakaleAçık Erişim2020Anthropogenic Pollution Assessment of Pertek (Tunceli) Geothermal Field
Balaban, Tugbanur Ozen; Okan, Ozlem Oztekin; Sançar, Taylan; Önal, Ayten Oztufekci
The study area is located in Pertek town in Tunceli province in Eastern Anatolia. The geology of the study area is very important for the geodynamic evolution of the Eastern Taurus. Geological formations in the study area are Paleozoic Keban metamorphics, Upper Cretaceous Harami Formation, Middle-Upper Eocene Kirkgecit Formation, Upper Miocene Karabakir Formation, and Quaternary alluvium, from the oldest to the youngest, respectively. Hydrogeological units were divided into three units in accordance with lithological, structural and hydrogeological properties. The basement of the study area of sandstone, marbles and dolomitic marbles in the Keban metamorphic rocks are highly fractured and karstified and act as the main reservoir in particular for thermal waters in the study area. Kirkgecit and Karabakir Formations occur as barrier rocks in the geothermal area due to impermeable properties. Some levels of limestone units within the Keban metamorphics are aquifers for freshwater. Alluvium is the most important and suitable unit for cold groundwater production. In the study area, streams and rivers flow from southwest to northeast towards Keban Dam Lake. The lake is very important in the region from the point of view of hydroelectric power production, flood control, and irrigation. The thermal and mineral waters generally have high mineral contents. When they are discharged onto the surface, they can cause contamination in surface water, ground water, and of soil. Because of the fact that the water resources in the region are used for drinking and irrigation purposes, the quality of the water is evaluated within the scope of this study. For this reason, water and sediment samples were analyzed for boron, arsenic and other contaminant (Pb, Fe, Sb, Sn and Hg) substances to measure the contamination. The results acquired from the analysis of water samples suggest that concentrations of B, As and Pb in some of the samples exceed the limits of the TSE drinking-water standards(>100 ppb). Fe concentration is 2.16 ppm, Hg and Sb concentrations are also 0.05 ppm. Moreover, some of the sediment samples collected from thermal springs in Singec Creek are contaminated with B, As, Sb, Hg and Pb and other elements sourced from geothermal fluids. In this study, the geochemical evaluation of the presence of B, As, and other contaminants (Pb, Fe, Sb, Sn) derived from geothermal activities within sediment and water in the Pertek Geothermal Field and surrounding area were discussed.
AtıfWoS2OpenAlex2TR Dizin2İncele - MakaleAçık Erişim2018Investigation of Uplift Rate History of the Yuksekova Basin (Southeast Turkey)
Sançar, Taylan
The 90 km long and N50 degrees-60 degrees W oriented right lateral Semdinli Yuksekova Fault Zone (SYFZ) is located at the southeast of the EACP. The most prominent morphotectonic structure of the SYFZ is the Yuksekova Basin that has a long axis striking in NW-SE direction with a length of 38 km and the maximum width of 10 km. In this study, morphometric indices were used to investigate the uplift characteristics of the basin. According to the Mountainfront sinuosity (S-mf) and the ratio of valley-floor width to valley-height index (V-f) calculations along the mountain fronts on the northern and southern margins of the Yuksekova Basin, the faults that delimit the basin margins have high activity, and the uplift rate is not less than 0.5 mm /yr. Spatial distribution of the m/n values of the drainage areas reveals that the SYFZ have driven the rock uplift around the basin rather than the large-scale lithospheric processes. The integral analysis (chi=chi) of the tributaries in the drainage areas located close to the faults that delimit the Yuksekova Basin indicate that the uplift rate of the basin changes over time regardless of the m/n ratio. The integral analyses of lithological units, which are resistant to erosion around the basin, reveal that uplift rate has been changed four times.
AtıfWoS3OpenAlex5İncele - MakaleAçık Erişim2018The new findings on the Late Devonian volcanism in the Eastern Taurides (Develi, Kayseri): Preliminary data
Çimen, Okay
The Tauride-Anatolide Platfom includes of widespread Paleozoic (Cambrian to Permian) units, which rarely consist magmatic rocks that were identified in two areas: Eastern Taurides (SW of Tufanbeyli and Yahyali) and Central Taurides (Northern Konya). There are problematic views related to the magmatic evolution of these rocks. The available geochemical database is mostly concentrated on the magmatics from the Central Taurides (Konya Region). In this study, the mafic volcanic rocks were recently found in the Eastern Taurides (Develi-Kayseri). These mafic volcanics are intercalated with the Late Devonian limestones and covered by the Early Carboniferous sandstones. The geochemical charateristics of the volcanic rocks exhibit back arc basin (BAB) features with slightly negative Nb anomalies, normal-MORB (NMORB)-like high field strength element (HFSE) patterns and flat REE profile. The newly found basic volcanic rocks in the Eastern Taurides geochemically resemble the meta-diabase dykes in the Konya and Yahyali regions, which were assigned to a subduction related event. The new data reported in this study will benefit to better understand the mid-Paleozoic evolution of the Taurides.
AtıfWoS9OpenAlex1İncele - MakaleAçık Erişim2017Pleistocene Glaciations in Karadag, Western Taurus Mountains, Turkey
Bayrakdar, Cihan; Çilgin, Zeynel; Saris, Faize
Karadag is one of the mountains subjected to the Pleistocene glaciations in the Teke Peninsula (Western Taurus) along with Beydaglari, Akdag, and Sandiras Mountains. Karadag, which reaches 2418 m summit at a 30 km straight distance from the northeast of Fethiye Bay, has many peaks over 2300 m. There are plenty of glacial researches and dating studies aim to reveal Pleistocene glaciation chronology of the mountains such as Sandiras and Akdag in the Teke Peninsula. On the other hand, glaciations in Beydaglari were mentioned superficially and in general terms. Lastly, there has not been known any glaciation phenomenon in Karadag, in other words there are not any studies concerning the glaciation on the mountain. However, Karadag has distinctive cirques and moraines on the slopes of high elevations near the peak. In this study, we identified glacial valleys, cirques developed in different sizes and aspects and lastly frontal and hummocky moraines in front of these cirques. They are descending to the elevation of 1800 m. With this study, a new glacial area was identified in Turkey and made a contribution to the glaciation inventory of Turkey. This study aims to reveal the geomorphological and climatological characteristics of this area with regard to tectonic, climatic and karstic characteristics during Pleistocene. Maps and relevant outputs were created and analyzed by geographic information systems using the spatial data obtained from the field studies, unmanned aerial vehicles and meteorological stations.
AtıfWoS8OpenAlex13İncele - MakaleAçık Erişim2014Paleoseismology of the Ilipinar Segment (Karliova, Bingol), The North Anatolian Fault Zone
Sançar, Taylan; Akyüz, H. Serdar
The last century earthquakes produced more than 1000 km surface rupture on the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ), which is one of the most active deformation belts in the World. Paleoseismic data from different parts of the NAFZ exposes critical information about the earthquake history of the fault zone. To research paleoseismicity of the Ilipinar Segment and relationship between the segment and last century earthquakes, two paleoseismologic trench studies performed on the Yoncalik basin, where positioned at eastern section of the Ilipinar segment. We identified two paleo-earthquakes, which correspond to BC 8500-6150 and BC 5960-4300 time intervals in the Yoncalik-1 trench. On the other hand the analyses of stratigraphy and structural features of the Yoncalik-2 trench similarly yield two events, from which the older happened before BC 6325 and the younger was between BC 6325-2105. Despite of the wide range of these intervals, both trench results are coincide within their uncertainty limits. We interpret that events in both trenches reflects the same surface ruptures. By the joint analysis of both trenches, we conclude that the most recent and penultimate events should have occurred between BC 5960-4300 and BC 8500-6325, respectively. The results from paleoseismology of the Ilipinar Segment, which constitute the easternmost part of the NAFZ, indicate that the seismic behaviour of the segment is not in accord with the general characteristic of the NAFZ. The reasons behind the disparity are considered to be related with complex fault geometry in the vicinity of Karliova triple junction and partitioning of accumulated strain on these structures.
AtıfWoS7OpenAlex5İncele - MakaleYalnız künye2012Paleogene Molluscan Fauna and Biostratigraphy Between Kuscu and Macun village, Temelli (SW Ankara)
Gürsov, Mujde; Taner, Guler
In this study, paleontological and biostratigraphic characteristics of the Paleogene geologic units outcropping between Kuscu and Macun villages located around Temelli district, Polatli, Ankara. We have examined the patterns of Pelecypoda and Gastropoda samples. Seven measured stratigraphic section from the west of Macun village to east of Kuscu village, which contains the Pelecypoda and Gastropoda patterns, reach total thickness of 52 metres. As a result of field studies, seven species belongs to class of Pelecypoda and one of the new sixteen species belongs to class of Gastropoda have been described. Considering paleogeographic distribution and biostratigraphy of described fauna, it is quite proper to propose that they represent Thanetian age and can be interpreted as belonging to Kirkkavak Formation. Furthermore, the paleoecologic characteristics of the fauna strongly suggests that the shallow and temperate coastal marine facial conditions were prevalent at the region during that time span.
AtıfWoS2İncele - DergiTURKIYE JEOLOJI BULTENI-GEOLOGICAL BULLETIN OF TURKEY