THE SULTAN AND THE REBEL: SA'DUN AL-MANSUR'S REVOLT IN THE MUNTAFIQ, C. 1891-1911

From 1891 to 1911, a disenfranchised shaykh of the Muntafiq tribe, Sa'dun al-Mansur, led a large uprising against Ottoman rule in southern Iraq. Feeling that he had been disinherited from properties that were his birthright, he fought battle after battle against rival family claimants, shaykhs in Arabia and the Gulf, and reformist Ottoman governors in Baghdad and Basra. This article analyzes Sa'dun's insurgency both within the context of his life and against the background of shifting socioeconomic and political events in Iraq, Arabia, and the Gulf at the turn of the 20th century. One of the last rebellions against Ottoman central authority in southern Iraq, the insurgency was also notable for the indirect but intriguing links between the rebel shaykh and his nominal overlord Sultan 'Abd al-Hamid II, who paid special attention to the rebel's fate.