Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları
Yayınlar
- MakaleAçık Erişim2025Scopus SJRQ1Seismic Foresight: A Novel Multi-Input 1D Convolutional Mixer Model for Earthquake Prediction Using Ionospheric Signals
Uyanik, Hakan; Kokum, Mehmet; Senturk, Erman; Freeshah, Mohamed; Ozcelik, Salih T. A.; Halil Akpinar, Muhammed; Celik, Serenay; Sengur, Abdulkadir
This study proposes a novel deep learning approach for predicting significant earthquakes (Mw ≥ 5.0 ) in Turkey using ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) data and space weather indices. ConvMixer is a lightweight CNN architecture that blends spatial and channel information using depthwise convolutions and pointwise layers. Inspired by vision transformers, it offers efficient image classification with fewer parameters and high performance. We developed a multi-input one-dimensional convolutional mixer (MI-1D-ConvMixer) model to classify TEC data from the preceding five consecutive days as either precursory to an earthquake on the 6th day or normal. The model incorporates six inputs: five 1D TEC signals and one 1D space-weather index array, including the global geomagnetic index (Kp), storm duration distribution (Dst), sunspot number (R), geomagnetic storm index (Ap-index), solar wind speed (Vsw), and solar activity index (F10.7) are also utilized to reveal non-seismic related pre-earthquake ionospheric variations. Our methodology involves two stages: 1) a preprocessing stage to enhance TEC signals and 2) an end-to-end training of the MI-1D-ConvMixer model. The model architecture features depth-wise and point-wise convolutions with patch embedding, utilizing uses four tunable hyperparameters: network depth, hidden dimension size, kernel size, and patch size. We used 196 earthquakes data from Turkey from 2010-2023, and TEC data from the TNPGN-Active GNSS stations. The dataset was split into 75% for training and 25% for testing. Performance metrics, including classification accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and F1-score, are used for evaluation. Our model achieved a classification accuracy of 97.49%, demonstrating its potential for earthquake prediction systems. This research contributes to the field by introducing a novel deep learning architecture specifically designed for integrating TEC and space weather data for earthquake prediction. Future work should focus on validating the model’s performance in different geographical regions and investigating its limitations.
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İncele - Derleme MakaleAçık Erişim2025Scopus SJRQ1Automated Detection of Neurological and Mental Health Disorders Using EEG Signals and Artificial Intelligence: A Systematic Review
Uyanik, Hakan; Sengur, Abdulkadir; Salvi, Massimo; Tan, Ru-San; Tan, Jen Hong; Acharya, U. Rajendra
Mental and neurological disorders significantly impact global health. This systematic review examines the use of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to automatically detect these conditions using electroencephalography (EEG) signals. Guided by Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA), we reviewed 74 carefully selected studies published between 2013 and August 2024 that used machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), or both of these two methods to detect neurological and mental health disorders automatically using EEG signals. The most common and most prevalent neurological and mental health disorder types were sourced from major databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, PubMed, and IEEE Xplore. Epilepsy, depression, and Alzheimer's disease are the most studied conditions that meet our evaluation criteria, 32, 12, and 10 studies were identified on these topics, respectively. Conversely, the number of studies meeting our criteria regarding stress, schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, and autism spectrum disorders was relatively more average: 6, 4, 3, and 3, respectively. The diseases that least met our evaluation conditions were one study each of seizure, stroke, anxiety diseases, and one study examining Alzheimer's disease and epilepsy together. Support Vector Machines (SVM) were most widely used in ML methods, while Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) dominated DL approaches. DL methods generally outperformed traditional ML, as they yielded higher performance using huge EEG data. We observed that the complex decision process during feature extraction from EEG signals in ML-based models significantly impacted results, while DL-based models handled this more efficiently. AI-based EEG analysis shows promise for automated detection of neurological and mental health conditions. Future research should focus on multi-disease studies, standardizing datasets, improving model interpretability, and developing clinical decision support systems to assist in the diagnosis and treatment of these disorders.
AtıfScopus58OpenAlex46İncele - MakaleAçık Erişim2025Scopus SJRQ2Hybrid CNN-Transformer Model for Accurate Impacted Tooth Detection in Panoramic Radiographs
Küçük, Deniz Bora; Imak, Andaç; Özçelik, Salih Taha Alperen; Çelebi, Adalet; Türkoğlu, Muammer; Sengur, Abdulkadir; Koundal, Deepika
Background/Objectives: The integration of digital imaging technologies in dentistry has revolutionized diagnostic and treatment practices, with panoramic radiographs playing a crucial role in detecting impacted teeth. Manual interpretation of these images is time consuming and error prone, highlighting the need for automated, accurate solutions. This study proposes an artificial intelligence (AI)-based model for detecting impacted teeth in panoramic radiographs, aiming to enhance accuracy and reliability. Methods: The proposed model combines YOLO (You Only Look Once) and RT-DETR (Real-Time Detection Transformer) models to leverage their strengths in real-time object detection and learning long-range dependencies, respectively. The integration is further optimized with the Weighted Boxes Fusion (WBF) algorithm, where WBF parameters are tuned using Bayesian optimization. A dataset of 407 labeled panoramic radiographs was used to evaluate the model’s performance. Results: The model achieved a mean average precision (mAP) of 98.3% and an F1 score of 96%, significantly outperforming individual models and other combinations. The results were expressed through key performance metrics, such as mAP and F1 scores, which highlight the model’s balance between precision and recall. Visual and numerical analyses demonstrated superior performance, with enhanced sensitivity and minimized false positive rates. Conclusions: This study presents a scalable and reliable AI-based solution for detecting impacted teeth in panoramic radiographs, offering substantial improvements in diagnostic accuracy and efficiency. The proposed model has potential for widespread application in clinical dentistry, reducing manual workload and error rates. Future research will focus on expanding the dataset and further refining the model’s generalizability.
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İncele - MakaleAçık Erişim2025Scopus SJRQ2HASK-Net: new hybrid attention selective kernel network for automatic colon cancer detection from colonoscopy images
Imak, Andaç; Doğan, Gürkan; Sengur, Abdulkadir; Ergen, Burhan
Colorectal cancer is a frequently analyzed cancer type seen today. It is the third leading of cancer in terms of incidence. It is among the second leading cases resulting in death. However, when detecting pre-cancerous polyps using traditional methods, the rate of being overlooked is high. Therefore, the rate of missed polyps can be greatly reduced with deep learning-based computer-aided diagnosis (CADx) methods. In this study, a novel convolutional neural network based on CADx, called HASK-Net, is proposed for automatic polyp detection. While HASK-Net uses ResNet50 as a feature extractor in the encoder network, the novely designed hybrid attention selective kernel convolution uses it in the decoder network to increase the representation power in feature maps and learn more complex features. In experimental results on the publicly available Hiper-Kvasir and EndoTech 2020 benchmark datasets, HASK-Net showed extremely promising performance with a dice similarity score of 97.02% and 84.83% and an mIoU score of 95.38% and 84.32%, respectively.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2024Convmixer ve SDD Kullanılarak DEHB Hastalığının EEG Sinyalleri ile Otomatik Olarak Tespit Edilmesi
Sengur, Abdulkadir; Üzen, Hüseyin; Özçelik, Salih Taha Alperen; Uyanik, Hakan; Karakaş, Buğra
DEHB, çocuklarda dikkat eksikliği, davranış problemleri, eğitimle ilgili sorunlar ve düşük özgüven gibi problemler oluşturabilir. Bu çalışma, Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu (DEHB) teşhisini elektroensefalografi (EEG) sinyalleriyle değerlendirmeyi hedefleyen bir araştırmayı özetlemektedir. Araştırma, 30 DEHB tanısı almış çocuk ve 30 sağlıklı kontrol grubunun EEG verilerini kullanmıştır. EEG verileri öncelikle gürültü azaltma amacıyla işlenmiş ve ardından ConvMixer, ResNet50 ve ResNet18 gibi derin öğrenme modelleri kullanılarak sınıflandırılmıştır. Bulgular, ConvMixer'in düşük hesaplama kaynaklarına ihtiyaç duyarak yüksek sınıflandırma başarısı elde ettiğini göstermektedir. Ayrıca, EEG sinyallerinin DEHB teşhisinde kullanılabilirliği konusunda farklı kanalların etkileri incelenmiş ve T8 kanalının özellikle etkili olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışma, EEG tabanlı DEHB teşhisi için daha hafif modellerin kullanılabilirliğini ve EEG kanallarının önemini vurgulamaktadır.
AtıfOpenAlex1
İncele - MakaleAçık Erişim2024Scopus SJRQ1A new hybrid approach for grapevine leaves recognition based on ESRGAN data augmentation and GASVM feature selection
Doğan, Gürkan; Imak, Andaç; Ergen, Burhan; Sengur, Abdulkadir
Grapevine leaf is a commodity that is collected only once a year and has a high return on investment due to its export. However, only certain types of grapevine leaves are consumed. Therefore, it is extremely important to distinguish the types of grapevine leaves. In particular, performing this process automatically on industrial machines will reduce human errors, workload, and thus cost. In this study, a new hybrid approach based on a convolutional neural network is proposed that can automatically distinguish the types of grapevine leaves. In the proposed approach, firstly, the overfitting of network models is prevented by applying data augmentation techniques. Second, new synthetic images were created with the ESRGAN technique to obtain detailed texture information. Third, the top blocks of the MobileNetV2 and VGG19 CNN models were replaced with the newly designed top block, effectively extracting features with the data. Fourthly, the GASVM algorithm was adapted and used to create a subset of the features to eliminate the ineffective and unimportant ones from the obtained features. Finally, SVM classification was performed with the feature subset consisting of 314 features, and approximately 2% higher accuracy and MCC score were obtained compared to the approaches in the literature.
AtıfScopus8WoS6OpenAlex9İncele - MakaleAçık Erişim2023A New Method Based on Extracting, Combining and Selecting Deep Features from Natural and Synthetic Data for Classification of Grapevine Leaf Species
Sengur, Abdulkadir; Ergen, Burhan; Doğan, Gürkan; Imak, Andac
In recent years, the production and consumption of grapevine leaves containing rich minerals, dietary fiber and vitamins has been intensively realized in Turkey. However, the demand for stuffed food made from grapevine leaves in the convenience food sector increases the export opportunities to different countries In commercial agricultural activities such as this, it is important to determine quality standards for sustainable marketing. Researchers have made positive progress with deep learning in smart farming applications. In this study, we propose a new method for recognizing the type of grapevine leaves to be used for consumption. In the proposed method, a dataset containing 500 images of 5 different grapevine leaf species, namely Ak, Ala Idris, Büzgülü, Dimnit and Nazli, was used. From these images, 3500 images were obtained with data augmentation techniques. In addition, a dataset consisting of more detailed textures was obtained by applying the ESRGAN model to the obtained images. VGG 19 deep learning model was used to extract features from these images. The features obtained from the two separate data sets were combined. In this way, a hybrid feature extraction model was created. The best 175 feature subsets were selected using the PCA algorithm. Finally, 96.14% accuracy was calculated using a Support Vector Machine (SVM) for classification of the obtained features.
AtıfOpenAlex10TR Dizin8İncele - MakaleAçık Erişim2023Balistokardiyografi sinyalleri ile derin öğrenme tabanlı hipertansiyon tespiti
Sengur, Abdulkadir; Özçelik, Salih Taha Alperen; Uyanik, Hakan
Kan basıncı, damarlardaki kanın damar duvarlarına uyguladığı basınçtır. Bu basınç değerinin normal kabul edilen seviyelerin üzerinde seyir etmesi yüksek tansiyon (YT) veya hipertansiyon (HPT) olarak bilinir. Hayat kalitesini negatif yönde etkileyen, çoğu zaman organlarda çeşitli tahribatlara sebep olan ve ölümlere yol açabilen bu sağlık probleminin teşhisi oldukça önemlidir. Bu çalışmada, balistokardiyografi (BKG) sinyalleri kullanılarak HPT'nin otomatik teşhisine yönelik bir yöntem önerilmiştir. Bunun için BKG sinyalleri, sürekli dalgacık dönüşümü filtre bankası (SDDFB) yöntemi kullanılarak zaman-frekans domenine taşınmıştır. Bu işlemler yapılırken kullanılan dönüşüm yönteminde bazı parametre ayarları gerçekleştirilerek dönüşümün kalitesi arttırılmıştır. Daha sonra elde edilen görüntüler ResNet18, ResNet50, VGG16 ve AlexNet evrişimsel sinir ağlarıyla sınıflandırılmış ve elde edilen sonuçlar karşılaştırılmıştır. Önerilen yöntem ile ResNet18, ResNet50, VGG16 ve AlexNet mimarileri için sırasıyla %98,92, %99,34 ve %99,22 ve %98,07 sınıflandırma doğruluğu elde etmiştir. Elde edilen bu yüksek sınıflandırma sonuçları önerilen yöntemin hipertansiyon teşhisi için kullanılabileceğini ispatlar niteliktedir.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2023Bir Boyutlu Evrişimsel Sinir Ağı Yardımıyla Faz Kilitleme Değeri ve Diferansiyel Entropi Özellikleri Kullanılarak EEG Sinyallerinde Duygu Tanınması
Sengur, Abdulkadir; Özçelik, Salih Taha Alperen; Uyanik, Hakan
Duygu analizi günümüz bilim dünyasında üzerinde en çok araştırma yapılan alanların başında gelmektedir. Özellikle insan-bilgisayar etkileşimi gibi günlük hayatımıza her geçen gün daha çok dahil olan alanların yanı sıra nörobilim ve psikoloji gibi bilim dallarının da yakından incelediği bir konudur. Duygu analizi için konuşma sinyalleri, mimikler, vücut dili, yüz ifadeleri gibi yöntemler kullanılsa da bu yöntemler manipülasyona açık oldukları için biyolojik sinyaller kadar güvenilir sonuçlar vermezler. Bu çalışmada sanal gerçeklik (SG) teknolojisi yardımıyla hazırlanmış, biyoelektriksel bir sinyal olan elektroansefalografi (EEG) sinyalleri ile duygu tanıma için yeni bir yöntem önerilmiştir. Bu yöntemde EEG sinyallerinin alt bantlarının diferansiyel entropi (DE) ve faz kilitleme değeri (FKD) özellikleri, tasarlanan bir boyutlu evrişimsel sinir ağı (1B-ESA) yardımı ile pozitif ve negatif duyguların tanınması için kullanılmıştır. Her iki özellik yardımıyla elde edilen özellik matrisleri on defa teste tâbi tutularak ortalama başarı değerleri elde edilmiştir. Bu testler sonucunda DE ve FKD özellikleri ile en yüksek ortalama başarı puanları, tüm alt bant özellik matrislerinin birleştirilmesi ile sırasıyla %74,0611,41 ve %63,75901,72 olarak elde edilmiştir. Ayrıca çalışmada elde edilen yüksek frekanstaki sinyal bileşenlerine ait testlerin başarı oranlarının düşük frekans bantlarına göre daha yüksek elde edilmesi daha önce bu alanda yapılan benzer çalışmaların sonuçlarını destekler nitelikte olmuştur.
AtıfOpenAlex2TR Dizin1İncele - MakaleAçık Erişim2023Scopus SJRQ2Automated Hypertension Detection Using ConvMixer and Spectrogram Techniques with Ballistocardiograph Signals
Ozcelik, Salih T. A.; Uyanık, Hakan; Deniz, Erkan; Sengur, Abdulkadir
Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by the blood in the veins against the walls of the veins. If this value is above normal levels, it is known as high blood pressure (HBP) or hypertension (HPT). This health problem which often referred to as the “silent killer” reduces the quality of life and causes severe damage to many body parts in various ways. Besides, its mortality rate is very high. Hence, rapid and effective diagnosis of this health problem is crucial. In this study, an automatic diagnosis of HPT has been proposed using ballistocardiography (BCG) signals. The BCG signals were transformed to the time-frequency domain using the spectrogram method. While creating the spectrogram images, parameters such as window type, window length, overlapping rate, and fast Fourier transform size were adjusted. Then, these images were classified using ConvMixer architecture, similar to vision transformers (ViT) and multi-layer perceptron (MLP)-mixer structures, which have attracted a lot of attention. Its performance was compared with classical architectures such as ResNet18 and ResNet50. The results obtained showed that the ConvMixer structure gave very successful results and a very short operation time. Our proposed model has obtained an accuracy of 98.14%, 98.79%, and 97.69% for the ResNet18, ResNet50, and ConvMixer architectures, respectively. In addition, it has been observed that the processing time of the ConvMixer architecture is relatively short compared to these two architectures.
AtıfScopus21WoS16OpenAlex21İncele - MakaleAçık Erişim2023Scopus SJRQ1A Multi-Input Convolutional Neural Networks Model for Earthquake Precursor Detection Based on Ionospheric Total Electron Content
Uyanık, Hakan; Şentürk, Erman; Akpınar, Muhammed Halil; Ozcelik, Salih T. A.; Kokum, Mehmet; Freeshah, Mohamed; Sengur, Abdulkadir
Earthquakes occur all around the world, causing varying degrees of damage and destruction. Earthquakes are by their very nature a sudden phenomenon and predicting them with a precise time range is difficult. Some phenomena may be indicators of physical conditions favorable for large earthquakes (e.g., the ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC)). The TEC is an important parameter used to detect pre-earthquake changes by measuring ionospheric disturbances and space weather indices, such as the global geomagnetic index (Kp), the storm duration distribution (Dst), the sunspot number (R), the geomagnetic storm index (Ap-index), the solar wind speed (Vsw), and the solar activity index (F10.7), have also been used to detect pre-earthquake ionospheric changes. In this study, the feasibility of the 6th-day earthquake prediction by the deep neural network technique using the previous five consecutive days is investigated. For this purpose, a two-staged approach is developed. In the first stage, various preprocessing steps, namely TEC signal improvement and time-frequency representation-based TEC image construction, are performed. In the second stage, a multi-input convolutional neural network (CNN) model is designed and trained in an end-to-end fashion. This multi-input CNN model has a total of six inputs, and five of the inputs are designed as 2D and the sixth is a 1D vector. The 2D inputs to the multi-input CNN model are TEC images and the vector input is concatenated space weather indices. The network branches with the 2D inputs contain convolution, batch normalization, and Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) activation layers, and the branch with the 1D input contains a ReLU activation layer. The ReLU activation outputs of all the branches are flattened and then concatenated. And the classification is performed via fully connected, softmax, and classification layers, respectively. In the experimental work, earthquakes with a magnitude of Mw5.0 and above that occurred in Turkey between 2012 and 2019 are used as the dataset. The TEC data were recorded by the Turkey National Permanent GNSS Network-Active (TNPGN-Active) Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) stations. The TEC data five days before the earthquake were marked as “precursor days” and the TEC data five days after the earthquake were marked as “normal days”. In total, 75% of the dataset is used to train the proposed method and 25% of the dataset is used for testing. The classification accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and F1-score values are obtained for performance evaluations. The results are promising, and an 89.31% classification accuracy is obtained.
AtıfScopus27OpenAlex19İncele - MakaleAçık Erişim2022Scopus SJRQ1Dental Caries Detection Using Score-Based Multi-Input Deep Convolutional Neural Network
Imak, Andac; Celebi, Adalet; Siddique, Kamran; Turkoglu, Muammer; Sengur, Abdulkadir; Salam, Iftekhar
Panoramic and periapical radiograph tools help dentists in diagnosing the most common dental diseases, such as dental caries. Generally, dental caries is manually diagnosed by dentists based on panoramic and periapical images. For several reasons, such as carelessness caused by heavy workload and inexperience, manual diagnosis may cause unnoticeable dental caries. Thus, computer-based intelligent vision systems supported by machine learning and image processing techniques are needed to prevent these negativities. This study proposed a novel approach for the automatic diagnosis of dental caries based on periapical images. The proposed procedure used a multi-input deep convolutional neural network ensemble (MI-DCNNE) model. Specifically, a score-based ensemble scheme was employed to increase the achievement of the proposed MI-DCNNE method. The inputs to the proposed approach were both raw periapical images and an enhanced form of it. The score fusion was carried out in the Softmax layer of the proposed multi-input CNN architecture. In the experimental works, a periapical image dataset (340 images) covering both caries and non-caries images were used for the performance evaluation of the proposed method. According to the results, it was seen that the proposed model is quite successful in the diagnosis of dental caries. The reported accuracy score is 99.13%. This result shows that the proposed MI-DCNNE model can effectively contribute to the classification of dental caries.
AtıfScopus107İncele - MakaleAçık Erişim2022Scopus SJRQ2Use of Differential Entropy for Automated Emotion Recognition in a Virtual Reality Environment with EEG Signals
Uyanık, Hakan; Ozcelik, Salih Taha A.; Duranay, Zeynep Bala; Sengur, Abdulkadir; Acharya, U. Rajendra
Emotion recognition is one of the most important issues in human–computer interaction (HCI), neuroscience, and psychology fields. It is generally accepted that emotion recognition with neural data such as electroencephalography (EEG) signals, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is better than other emotion detection methods such as speech, mimics, body language, facial expressions, etc., in terms of reliability and accuracy. In particular, EEG signals are bioelectrical signals that are frequently used because of the many advantages they offer in the field of emotion recognition. This study proposes an improved approach for EEG-based emotion recognition on a publicly available newly published dataset, VREED. Differential entropy (DE) features were extracted from four wavebands (theta 4–8 Hz, alpha 8–13 Hz, beta 13–30 Hz, and gamma 30–49 Hz) to classify two emotional states (positive/negative). Five classifiers, namely Support Vector Machine (SVM), k-Nearest Neighbor (kNN), Naïve Bayesian (NB), Decision Tree (DT), and Logistic Regression (LR) were employed with DE features for the automated classification of two emotional states. In this work, we obtained the best average accuracy of 76.22% ± 2.06 with the SVM classifier in the classification of two states. Moreover, we observed from the results that the highest average accuracy score was produced with the gamma band, as previously reported in studies in EEG-based emotion recognition.
AtıfScopus29OpenAlex33İncele