Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2026/r/munzur/5949
  Phylogenetic Analysis of Native Salmo Species in Türkiye Using Mitochondrial 12S rDNA, 16S rDNA, Cytochrome b Sequences, and Cytogenetics

  Yazdıç, Ferit Can; Kar, Bülent; Karaman, Altuğ

  In this study, phylogenetic relationships and genetic diversity of Salmo spp. populations in different water bodies in Türkiye were investigated, focusing on morphologically similar specimens to Salmo macrostigma. Significant genetic variability and evolutionary differentiation within these populations have been identified using mitochondrial regions sequences (12S rDNA, 16S rDNA, and Cyt-b), morphological observations, and cytogenetic analysis. Samples collected from eight river basins revealed three main phylogenetic clades and local adaptations influenced by ecological pressures. Cytogenetic findings showed that they have chromosome numbers ranging from 78 to 80 (2n), consistent with known Salmo species. For this purpose, three mitochondrial DNA fragments encoding 12S rDNA, 16S rDNA, and Cyt-b regions were amplified by PCR, sequenced, and then used for phylogenetic analysis of the studied species. The study revealed the need for comprehensive integrative taxonomic approaches to clarify the classification of Salmo spp. with critical implications for conservation strategies in Türkiye biodiversity hotspots. In conclusion, this study not only advances our knowledge of Salmo macrostigma or similar Salmo spp., but also suggests innovative approaches for future Salmonid phylogenetics and cytogenetics studies. The findings have important implications for understanding the evolution, taxonomy, and conservation of these economically and ecologically important fish.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2026/r/munzur/5944
  Tunceli tarım arazilerinden elde edilen bacillus licheniformis'in antimikrobiyal özellikleri

  Yazdıç, Ferit Can; Kar, Bülent; Karaman, Altuğ; Yücel, Halit; Araka, Özlem

  Bu çalışmada, Türkiye Tunceli'deki tarım topraklarından izole edilen Bacillus licheniformis suşlarının antimikrobiyal potansiyelleri araştırılmıştır. Toprak örnekleri minimal olarak bozulmuş alanlardan toplanmış ve bakteri suşları morfolojik, biyokimyasal ve moleküler tanımlama yöntemleri kullanılarak izole edilmiştir. İzolatlar, 16S rDNA dizilemesi ve filogenetik analiz yoluyla Bacillus licheniformis oldukları başarılı bir şekilde doğrulanmıştır. Antimikrobiyal sekonder metabolitlerin üretimi, izolatların farklı karbon kaynaklarıyla (sükroz, glikoz ve fruktoz) kültürlenmesi ve disk difüzyon yöntemi kullanılarak Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) ve Staphylococcus aureus'a (ATCC 25923) karşı aktivitelerinin test edilmesiyle değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuçlar, özellikle Escherichia coli'ye karşı antimikrobiyal aktiviteyi artırmak için en etkili karbon kaynağının sükroz olduğu belirlenmiştir. Antibakteriyel aktivite genellikle daha uzun inkübasyon süreleriyle artmıştır. Bu araştırma, Bacillus licheniformis'in antibakteriyel madde kaynağı olarak potansiyelini vurgulamaktadır. Patojenlerin biyolojik kontrolü için tarımdaki uygulamalarda kullanılması için çevre dostu bir alternatif sunmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışmanın bulguları Bacillus licheniformis'in antimikrobiyal özellikleri hakkında bilgilere katkıda bulunmaktadır. Karbon kaynağındaki kullanılabilirliği ve metabolit üretimini etkileyen faktörleri anlamak, Bacillus licheniformis'in antimikrobiyal potansiyelinden yararlanmak için önemlidir.

  İncele
• MakaleAçık Erişim2026Scopus SJRQ2/r/munzur/1229
  Occurrence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Kocuria rhizophila Bacteria Isolated From Salmo munzuricus (Teleostei: Salmonidae) Samples in Natural Resources

  Kar, Bülent

  Global warming and environmental pollution trigger the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) opportunistic pathogens in the aquatic microflora. This study aimed to determine the characterization and AMR profile of the opportunistic pathogen Kocuria rhizophila isolated from the tissues of Salmo munzuricus (Munzur trout), an endemic species. Samples collected from the Munzur River were identified using morphological and molecular (16S rDNA) methods; bacterial isolates were characterized by MALDI-TOF and sequencing. The resistance status against 11 different antibiotics was analyzed with the Kirby-Bauer method. The findings revealed that the isolates (with 99.51% accuracy as K. rhizophila) showed full resistance to Penicillin G (p < 0.01) and were moderately sensitive to gentamicin and tetracycline. High sensitivity to amoxicillin and ampicillin was detected. These findings demonstrate that even in natural environments, the fish microbiome in wild endemic populations can be susceptible to the development of AMR in response to environmental changes. Therefore, determining the resistance of opportunistic pathogens in wild fish species such as Salmo munzuricus to different classes of antibiotics and studying their spread is extremely important for natural ecosystems.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2025/r/munzur/6131
  Molecular Identification of Anaerobic Gut Fungi Isolated from Mountain Goats

  Kar, Bülent; Elinç, Cemal

  Anaerobic Gut Fungi (AGF) are found in the Neocallimastigomycota phylum, and it is known that these fungi play an important role, especially in the digestive system of herbivores, as they are the main colonies in the consumption of feed. AGFs provide digestion by breaking down plant tissues with the help of lignocellulosic enzymes they secrete. These enzymes have also been used in the food and feed industry in recent years. In this respect, fungi isolated and identified from different ruminant animals are valuable. In this study, fungi were isolated from mountain goats living in the wild in the Tunceli region and identified morphologically and molecularly. The ITS region of ap-proximately 1500 bp was used in molecular identification. It was determined that 9 isolated fungi belonged to the genera Orpinomyces sp. (AGF-5), Feramyces sp. (AGF-8,10) and Neocallimastix sp. (AGF-1,2,3,4,7,11). Further studies are needed to determine the microbial population in wild ruminant animals.

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  AtıfOpenAlex1

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2024/r/munzur/6254
  Tunceli Yöresindeki At Dışkısı Örneklerinden İzole Edilen Anaerobik Gut Funguslarının (Piromyces spp.) Saf Kültürdeki Fibrolitik Aktiviteleri ve Moleküler Tanımlanması

  Kar, Bülent

  Bu çalışma, Türkiye'nin Tunceli ilindeki at dışkılarından anaerobik gut funguslarının (AGF) izolasyonu, karakterizasyonu ve enzim özelliklerine odaklanmaktadır. At dışkısından Piromyces cinsine ait iki izolat MUBAM_F1 ve MUBAM_F2, morfolojik ve moleküler teknikler kullanılarak izole edilmiş ve kısmen tanımlanmıştır. ITS bölgesinin Blast analizi, her iki izolatında Piromyces cinsi içerisinde bir tür olduğu doğrulamıştır (sırasıyla %98.24 ve %98.87 benzerlik). Enzimatik analizler, her iki izolat için de önemli ksilanaz ve karboksimetil selülaz aktivitesinin olduğunu göstermiştir. MUBAM_F1, toplam 47.13±0.10 µmol/dak/ml (spesifik aktivite: 2153.93 µmol/dak/mg protein) ksilanaz aktivitesi gösterirken, toplam 35.56 µmol/dak/ml (spesifik aktivite: 1626.52 µmol/dak/mg protein) karboksimetil selülaz aktivitesi göstermiştir. MUBAM_F2, 57.53±0.08 µmol/dak/ml'de daha yüksek toplam ksilanaz aktivitesi göstermiş (spesifik aktivite: 2630.11 µmol/dak/mg protein) ancak 23.93±1.41 µmol/dak/ml'de daha düşük karboksimetil selülaz aktivitesine (spesifik aktivite: 1098.66 µmol/dak/mg protein) sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada elde edilen veriler, Piromyces sp. MUBAM_F1 ve MUBAM_F2'nin ksilanaz ve kar-boksimetil selülaz enzimlerinin umut vadeden kaynakları olduğunu göstermektedir.

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  AtıfOpenAlex1

  İncele
• MakaleYalnız künye2024Scopus SJRQ2/r/munzur/2141
  Effects of mutation in myostatin exon 3 on growth and carcass characteristics of Savak Akkaraman sheep

  Kar, Bulent; Bahar, O.Z.; Yazdic, Ferit Can; Karaman, Altug

  The myostatin gene (MSTN) is one of the main regulatory genes involved in muscle growth and development in many animals. This study aims to determine the variations in the exon 3 region associated with MSTN expression in Savak Akkaraman sheep and analyze their relationship with growth characteristics. Molecular analyses (RLFP, Real-Time PCR and DNA sequencing) were performed using DNA and RNA isolations from 70 different sheep blood and meat samples. As a result of the study, exon 3 region analysis was performed using NgomIV, AluI, DraI, HaeIII and MspI restriction endonucleases to determine the genetic diversity in Savak Akkaraman sheep breed. Two genotypes (MM and Mm) were detected for MSTN/MspI and a monomorphic mm genotype indicating the conserved exon 3 region for MSTN/HaeIII. Additionally, four new Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected at different positions (164th, 204th, 347th, and 441th) in the working exon region. Two of these SNPs (204th T→G: isoleucine→ methionine and 347th C→A-G: proline→glutamine-arginine) caused amino acid changes. In expression studies, it was determined that MSTN gene expression was higher in female sheep than in male sheep (p<0.05). The MM genotype (MSTN/MspI) was significantly associated with increased weight gain and MSTN expression, while TT genotype at SNP 204 and GG genotype at SNP 347 was found to be associated with meat yield and growth traits (p<0.05). As a result, the genetic differences and functional effects of the new genotypes determined in this study may shed light on breeding strategies aiming to increase meat production.

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  AtıfScopus3·WoS3·OpenAlex4

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• MakaleYalnız künye2023Scopus SJRQ2/r/munzur/2713
  Isolation, morphological identification, and xylanase characteristics of anaerobic gut fungi Neocallimastix from Anatolian wild goat

  Kar, Bülent; Torcan, Berat

  This study shows the morphological identification of anaerobic fungal strains isolated from fecal samples of goats inhabiting Turkey and the effects of various metal ions and chemicals on extracellular xylanase production. Three different anaerobic gut fungi isolated from wild goats in Turkey were identified as Neocallimastix spp. xylanase, cellulase, and lichenase production were tested in culture supernatants, and the maximum-specific activities were found as 560.42 ± 9.39, 159.70 ± 3.88, and 157.36 ± 3.83 (μmol/min/mg protein), respectively. While the optimum temperature range of exo-xylanases was found as 40–50°C, their optimum pH range was determined as 6.0–6.5. Xylanase activity decreased in metal ions and other chemical reactants based on dose. The metal ion that significantly inhibited xylanase activity was Fe+3. It was found that the ferric ions inhibited xylanase activity in all three anaerobic gut fungi by 30%–90% depending on molarity. On the contrary, the 1 mM concentrations of the Mn+2, Ba+2, Co+2, Cu+2, Sn+2, and Mg+2 metal ions and the ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and β-mercaptoethanol reagents had a positive effect at rates in the range of 3%–92%. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that anaerobic gut fungus has very stable fibrolytic enzymes that need to be separated, as well and the existence of a unique resource for industrial applications.

  AtıfScopus3·WoS3·OpenAlex4

  İncele
• MakaleAçık Erişim2022/r/munzur/6494
  Enzymatic and Bibliometric Analysis of Bifidobacterium sp. of Probiotic Origin in The Based Digestive Tract of Honey Bees

  Yazdıç, Fadime; Kar, Bülent; Karaman, Altuğ; Yücel, Halit; Ekinci, Kübra

  Honey bees (Apis mellifera) are a unique super organism that produces products such as honey, pollen, royal jelly, propolis, beeswax and bee venom and serves as a vector for pollination of many natural and industriyal plants. The effect of intestinal microflora and, accordingly, the immune system come to the fore among the causes of colony losses that have occurred recently. The diversity and densities of bacteria in the digestive tube of bees are affected by their immune systems. In order for this effect to be positive, the intestinal microflora must be natural and balanced. The enzyme activity of the probiotic-derived Bifidobacterium sp., which has an important place among the bacterial populations in the intestine, has a critical effect on both other symbiont microorganisms and the nutrition of the host. Therefore, in this study, both glikozide hidrolase enzyme activity analysis and bibliometric analysis were performed to emphasize the importance of Bifidobacterium sp. Different pH, temperature and substrates were preferred to calculate the optimum enzyme activity. As a result of the analysis of the enzyme activity, the glycoside hydrolase activity (pH 5.0 and 30oC) of Bifidobacterium sp. was determined. Further use of inulin substrate has shown that it is a natural prebiotic source for this probiotic microorganism. At the same time, the hydrolysis of xylan, which is known as a new generation prebiotic source, has also taken place. For bibliometric analysis, correlation links in Web of Science and Scopus database were concluded with the help of VOS viewer software

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  AtıfOpenAlex2·TR Dizin1

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2021/r/munzur/3956
  Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles and Coating with Chitosan

  Ates, Mehmet; Yilmaz, Ersen; Kar, Bulent; Durukan, Ilknur Kars

  Recent advancements in nanotechnology have garnered increasing attention due to the improvements in producing and utilizing particles whose sizes are extremely small. There is particular interest in metal nanoparticles due to their distinctive properties. Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) have been of particular interest owing to their unique electrical, optical and physicochemical properties as well as their biomedical applications. Ag-NPs are the fastest growing class of nanoscale materials because of their antibacterial activities. They are now considered to be the next generation antimicrobials. Today, owing to their disinfectant properties, Ag-NPs are extensively used in numerous consumer products, including disinfecting medical devices and home appliances, paints, optical devices, plastics, textiles, soaps and laundry detergents, cosmetics, health-care products, as well as in food packing and food products as preservative and anti-caking agents. Despite their widespread usage, the products containing Ag-NP additives are a serious environmental and human health concern because of their toxicity. Studies on cell and bacterial cultures have shown that Ag-NPs are toxic; and the toxic effects are mainly due to the dissolved Ag ions when Ag-NPs degrade in water. In this study, considering the criteria outlined above, the purpose of the study and Ag-NPs were chemically synthesized in the laboratory environment and modified as chitosan coating. UV-Vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray crystallography and zeta potential analysis were used to characterize the silver nanoparticles.

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  AtıfWoS3·OpenAlex4·TR Dizin3

  İncele
• Derleme MakaleYalnız künye2021/r/munzur/6682
  Hydrogenosomes in the Anaerobic Fungi: Hydrogen-Producing Organelles

  Yazdıç, Ferit Can; Yazdıç, Fadime; Kar, Bülent; Ozkose, Emin; Ekinci, Mehmet Sait

  Fungi form a very diverse group in eukaryotes. Most of the fungi contain mitochondria and capable of oxidative phosphorylation. On the other hand, anaerobic Neocallimastigomycota fungi are in the gastrointestinal tract of many herbivorous mammals, they contain an organelle known as hydrogenosome instead of mitochondria. These organelles capable of being the key to adaptation to an anaerobic environment that is is unique. In this review, we wish to briefly summarize what is known about function, structure, biochemistry, genetics properties and inheritance of these important organelles.

  AtıfTR Dizin4

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