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- Kitap BölümüYalnız künye2026The European Charter of Local Authorities and Türkiye in the Internationalization Process
Atmaca, Yıldız; Boyali, Handan
The European Charter of Local Authorities is an important international document adopted by the Council of Europe in 1985 with the aim of protecting the democratic and independent structure of local authorities and guaranteeing the autonomy of local authorities. This condition enables local governments to make independent decisions within their own areas of authority and responsibility, to encourage public participation in local government processes, and to have control over financial resources. Thus, local governments are no longer an extension of the central government but are becoming a structure that is closer to the public and more accountable. Türkiye, which ratified the European Charter of Local Self-Government in 1991, has tried to implement administrative reforms to strengthen the local government system. Increasing the authority and responsibilities of local governments, improving financial autonomy, and increasing citizen participation have become priority issues in the restructuring of local governments in Türkiye. However, Türkiye's reservations on some articles while accepting the charter show that it has not been able to fully implement the autonomy of local governments. For example, articles 4 and 9 of the charter limit the determination of the duties and authorities of local governments by the central government and support financial autonomy. However, the influence of the central government on local governments in Türkiye is still quite high, and the distribution of financial resources is under the control of the central authority. This is one of the most important factors limiting the autonomy of local governments. In terms of the internationalization process, Türkiye’s adoption of the European Charter of Local Self-Government has been an important step towards the country’s compliance with international democratic norms and standards. This process is also closely related to Türkiye’s European Union membership goals. This process is also closely related to Türkiye’s European Union membership goals. Türkiye aims to accelerate the harmonization process with the European Union through local government reforms and to develop the understanding of local democracy in the international arena. Türkiye’s full compliance with the principles of autonomy and participatory democracy in local governments will enable it to act in accordance with the spirit of the European Charter of Local Self-Government and to move further in the democratization process in the international arena. In this context, this study aims to examine Türkiye's internationalization process within the framework of the European Charter of Local Authorities. The contribution of the Charter to the Turkish local government system was evaluated using the literature review method.
- Kitap BölümüYalnız künye2025Transparency and Reverse Transparency: Understanding Digital Leadership in Light of Agency Theory
Sezgin, Eray Ekin
We live in a digital world where most of our work and life experiences are based on information technologies and the internet. Developments in information technologies affect not only business life but also our social and community lives. Leading in the digital age is much more difficult and complex than leading in a world with no opportunities and no technology. Transparency is critical to digital leadership. The increase in the volume of data with developing technologies leads to increased transparency in organizations and has a significant impact on leadership. However, this also brings challenges. On the one hand, transparency facilitates employee empowerment, but on the other hand, it raises concerns about employee oversight and confidentiality. Moreover, transparency has traditionally been a one-sided construct where control is given to managers, leading to a panoptic scenario. To overcome these concerns and challenges, it is imperative to design new forms of control. In this regard, the contemporary workforce demands reverse transparency in the context of agency theory. Although the concepts of (reverse) transparency, leadership and digitalization are interrelated, there is a research gap on the relationship between the three. By analyzing the theoretical concept through the lens of control and outlining a conceptual implementation process, this study is of an explanatory theoretical nature. The study sheds light on the understanding of the problems related to transparency and reverse transparency in the contemporary workforce and contributes further to the theoretical discourse.
- Kitap BölümüYalnız künye2022Geo-polymer concretes: Structure, properties and materials
Polat, Berivan Yilmazer
In recent years, different types of special concretes have been produced and used according to the usage principles of the buildings. One of these concretes is alkali active concretes produced without the need for cement production which is known as geopolymer concrete. Their high early strength, less drying-shrinkage, high fire, abrasion & acid resistance, less CO2 emissions, least setting time, and high freeze-thaw & corrosion resistance are reasons this type of concrete has emerged as an alternative to portland cement concrete. This concrete is formed by the reaction of material rich in alumina and silica with the activator. Since geopolymer concrete is more environmentally friendly than cementitious concrete, it has been the subject of many studies. Geopolymer concretes have some disadvantages despite all these advantages. One of them is brittleness. It is known that adding fibers to geopolymer concretes positively affects brittleness and ductility, compressive strength, and flexural strength. Also, mineral additives strengthen the durability of concrete. This work presents a summary of the literature on geopolymer concrete's foundations and disadvantages compared to portland cement concrete, mix proportions that give the best strength, management of fiber additives, performance analysis against burst rate, and resistance to attack.
