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Koleksiyondaki öğeler
- MakaleAçık Erişim2017Scopus SJRQ2Rapid malachite green removal from aqueous solution by natural zeolite: Process optimization by response surface methodology
Tanyol, Mehtap
In this study, malachite green removal from aqueous solutions by natural zeolite was investigated. The interaction between zeolite and malachite green was determined by SEM/EDX and FTIR. The parameters like adsorbent dosage (0.1–1 mg/100 mL), initial malachite green concentration (40–200 mg/L) and the contact time (10–600 s) were optimized using the central composite design of response surface methodology. Maximum removal yield (99.70%) was obtained at an adsorbent dosage of 0.68 mg/100 mL, an initial malachite green concentration of 79.02 mg/L, and at 414 s contact time. The equilibrium process complied better with the Langmuir isotherm model, which exhibits a single layer adsorption, when compared with the Freundlich isotherm model. Adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order type kinetic and intra-particle diffusion played an important role onto adsorption mechanism of malachite green. The findings of this study demonstrated that zeolite which is found abundant on earth as a cheap and efficient adsorbent could be used for rapid malachite green adsorption from aqueous solutions.
AtıfScopus12WoS11OpenAlex13
İncele - MakaleAçık Erişim2017Scopus SJRQ2A hybrid risk-based approach for maritime applications: The case of ballast tank maintenance
Gul, Muhammet; Celik, Erkan; Akyuz, Emre
Risk assessment is vital for cost-effective ship management in maritime industry since numerous maritime activities pose potential hazards according to the human causalities. Therefore, safety practitioners attempt to offer proactive approaches to mitigate risk as much as possible. In this context, this article presents a hybrid risk-based approach for maritime industry by adopting Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) with fuzzy VIKOR (FVIKOR) methods under Fine-Kinney approach. To illustrate the hybrid risk-based approach, ballast tank maintenance process is handled since there are various hazards causing fatalities, severe injuries, and illness during ballast tank maintenance procedure than any other type of shipboard work. An extensive risk analysis is performed to enhance environment safety and operational reliability in maritime industry. Besides its theoretical contribution, the outcomes of the paper contribute to improve overall safety level of ship by considering potential hazards in risk management.
AtıfScopus73WoS66OpenAlex71İncele - MakaleYalnız künye2017Scopus SJRQ3Using food waste biomass as effective adsorbents in water and wastewater treatment for Cu(II) removal
Ince, Muharrem; Ince, Olcay Kaplan; Asam, Eren; Önal, Ali
The present study investigated Cu(II) ion adsorption onto banana peel, chestnut shell, and tea leaf waste in aqueous medium under different experimental conditions. Batch adsorption studies were carried out with various Cu(II) concentrations as well as the influence of process parameters such as pH, contact time, and adsorbent amount on the removal of copper, and the optimum conditions for maximum removal of copper from an aqueous solution. These food waste biomass adsorbents were applied to mineral water and industrial wastewater samples and the copper removal potentials were compared. The nature of the adsorbents and metal ion interactions was examined by the fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) technique. The adsorption data were obtained by using the Langmuir model showing maximum adsorption capacity of banana peel, chestnut shell, and tea leaf waste at 1.94 mg g-1 2.25 mg g-1, and 3.36 mg g-1, respectively. Copper was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry.
AtıfScopus19İncele - BildiriAçık Erişim2017Facial emotion recognition on a dataset using Convolutional Neural Network
Tümen, Vedat; Söylemez, Ömer Faruk; Ergen, Burhan
Nowadays, deep learning is a technique that takes place in many computer vision related applications and studies. While it is put in the practice mostly on content based image retrieval, there is still room for improvement by employing it in diverse computer vision applications. In this study, we aimed to build a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) based Facial Expression Recognition System (FER), in order to automatically classify expressions presented in Facial Expression Recognition (FER2013) database. Our presented CNN achieved % 57.1 success rate on FER2013 database.
AtıfScopus68OpenAlex83İncele - MakaleAçık Erişim2017Performance comparisons of current metaheuristic algorithms on unconstrained optimization problems
Can, Umit; Alatas, Bilal
Nature-inspired metaheuristic algorithms have been recognized as powerful global optimization techniques in the last few decades.Many different metaheuristic optimization algorithms have been presented and successfully applied to different types of problems. In this paper; seven of newest metaheuristic algorithms namely, Ant Lion Optimization, Dragonfly Algorithm, Grey Wolf Optimization, Moth-Flame Optimization, Multi-Verse Optimizer, Sine Cosine Algorithm, and Whale Optimization Algorithm have been tested on unconstrained benchmark optimization problems and their performances have been reported. Some of these algorithms are based on swarm while some are based on biology and mathematics. Performance analysis of these novel search and optimization algorithms satisfying equal conditions on benchmark functions for the first time has given important information about their behaviors on unimodal and multi-modal optimization problems. These algorithms have been recently proposed and many new versions of them may be proposed in future for efficient results in many different types of search and optimization problems.
AtıfScopus12İncele - MakaleYalnız künye2017Scopus SJRQ2Phase-ambiguity-free and accurate permittivity determination from waveguide measurements
Hasar, U.C.; Buldu, G.
A microwave method has been proposed for accurate and unique extraction of relative complex permittivity (ϵr) of dielectric materials from 2π phase-ambiguity-free amplitude-only two-port and one-port scattering parameter measurements. Improved accuracy has been shown by the applied uncertainty analysis. For the validation of our method, ϵr of low-loss and lossy samples was extracted.
AtıfScopus2WoS2OpenAlex2
İncele - MakaleYalnız künye2017Scopus SJRQ2Conformal, concircular, quasi-conformal and conharmonic flatness on normal complex contact metric manifolds
Vanli, Aysel Turgut; Unal, Inan
Conformal, concircular, quasi-conformal and conharmonic curvature tensors play an important role in Riemannian geometry. In this paper, we study on normal complex contact metric manifolds under flatness conditions of these tensors.
AtıfScopus12WoS13OpenAlex19İncele - BildiriAçık Erişim2017Smart Home Assistant for Ambient Assisted Living of Elderly People with Dementia
Demir, Eren; Köseoǧlu, Erdem; Sokullu, Radosveta; Şeker, Burhan
It is the nature of life that with advancing age human brain cells are damaged and brain functions degrade, which is manifested by memory loss, lack of concentration, reduced judgement abilities as well as speaking problems and even noticeable changes in personality and behavior. When a number of these symptoms collectively detected in a person, he usually diagnosed with dementia. These people have problems in managing their daily activities and shortly become unable to live by themselves. Ways to prolong the independent life of elderly people have drawn the attention of a large scientific community. In this paper, we present an integrated system design that allows collection, recording and transmission through a cloud application of the data from different sensors placed in a house of a person having dementia. The concept of this work is a part of the so-called Internet of Things (IoT) where information from smart things around us can be evaluated and transmitted over the internet. Peer-review under responsibility of the Conference Program Chairs.
AtıfScopus50WoS32OpenAlex59İncele - Derleme MakaleAçık Erişim2017Scopus SJRQ3Regulation of signal transduction cascades by Pterostilbenes in different cancers: Is it a death knell for oncogenic pathways
Butt, Ghazala; Attar, Rukset; Tabassum, Sobia; Aras, Aliye; Qadir, Muhammad Imran; Ozbey, Ulku; Alaaeddine, Nada; Ozcelik, Beraat; Farooqi, Ammad Ahmad
Interdisciplinary research has revolutionized the field of medicine and we have witnessed exponential increase in the high-impact research in past few decades. However, the road to this burgeoning research field is obstacle-ridden because of intratumor heterogeneity, loss of apoptosis and dysregulation of spatio-temporally controlled signaling pathways. Ground-breaking findings obtained through genetic, genomic and proteomic studies have considerably improved our concepts related to the complexity of protein network and excitingly, discovery of miRNAs has added another layer of intricacy to quantitatively regulated gene networks. In this review, we chronicle the milestone achievements and discuss how Pterostilbenes effectively regulated different cellular pathways. We have provided detailed mechanistic insights related to regulation of JAK-STAT signaling, Notch pathway, Wnt mediated intracellular signaling by pterostilbene. Underlying mechanisms about regulation of PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways by pterostilbene in different cancers. Regulation of Metastasis-associated protein 1 (MTA1) proteins and Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) in cancer cells by pterostilbene. Pterostilbene has also been reported to modulate the expression of various oncogenic and tumor suppressor microRNAs in cancer cells. Better and sharper comprehension of the concepts associated with the modes of action of pterostilbene in different cancers will be useful in identification of cancers which can be efficiently targeted by pterostilbene.
AtıfScopus15İncele - MakaleAçık Erişim2017Scopus SJRQ2Adsorption of hazardous crystal violet dye by almond shells and determination of optimum process conditions by taguchi method
Goksu, Ali; Tanaydin, Mehmet Kayra
Almond shells are classified as an agricultural waste of the food industry. In this study, almond shells were prepared as efficient adsorbents for removing Crystal Violet (CV) dye. The effects of adsorbent dosage, pH, initial concentration, shaking speed, temperature and particle size were studied. The Taguchi L25 experimental design method was used to obtain the optimum experimental condition. The data were analyzed using the signal to noise (S/N) ratio and analysis of variance (ANOVA) for removal of CV from aqueous solutions. The isotherm data were obtained from the experiments performed. The obtained isotherm data were analyzed via the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models of which the Langmuir isotherm model fitted the best. Thermodynamic parameters such as ΔH°, ΔS° and ΔG° were calculated and the results were 18.5 kJ/mol, 0.057 kJ/mol K and –1.514 kJ/mol at 25°C, respectively. The results of this study indicate that almond shells are efficient adsorbents for removing Crystal Violet (CV) from aqueous solutions. The maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 1.075 mg/g on the almond shells. Adsorption kinetics studies showed that adsorption data can be modeled by a pseudo-second-order model. The optimum conditions for the adsorption on almond shells were found to be: adsorbent dosage = 0.5 g, concentration = 4 ppm, pH = 6, shaking speed = 200 rpm and shaking time = 180 min.
AtıfScopus27WoS23OpenAlex25İncele - MakaleAçık Erişim2017Scopus SJRQ2Investigation of various travelling wave solutions to the extended (2+1)-dimensional quantum ZK equation
Baskonus, Haci Mehmet; Bulut, Hasan; Sulaiman, Tukur Abdulkadir
In this paper, with the aid of the Wolfram Mathematica 9 program, we obtain some novel complex hyperbolic function solutions to the extended (2+1)-dimensional quantum Zakharov-Kuznetsov equation by using the sine-Gordon expansion method. We find some complex and hyperbolic function solutions. Subsequently, we plot 2D surfaces representing the obtained solutions by considering some suitable values of the parameters. At the end of this paper, we compare our results with the existing results in the literature by presenting comprehensive conclusions.
AtıfScopus38WoS36OpenAlex50İncele - MakaleYalnız künye2026Scopus SJRQ2Alloy-to-oxide transformation of a spinel-structured (Fe30Cr30Mn20Ni10V10)3O4 high-entropy alloy-oxide via mechanical alloying: Synthesis, phase stability, multivalent surface states, and radiation attenuation behaviour
Güler, Ömer; Güler, Seval Hale; Özkul, İskender; Baykal, Duygu Sen; Tekin, H.O.; ALMisned, Ghada
A spinel-structured high-entropy alloy-oxide (HEAO) with the nominal composition (Fe30Cr30Mn20Ni10V10)3O4 was synthesized via mechanical alloying followed by thermo-mechanical oxidation X-ray diffraction indicated the formation of a predominantly spinel-type cubic oxide phase after oxidation, with the observed reflections being consistent with the Fd-3m spinel structure, while SEM-EDS mapping showed a homogeneous cation distribution at the examined scale. XPS analysis revealed mixed valence states of Fe2+/Fe3+, Cr3+/Cr4+, Mn3+/Mn4+, Ni2+/Ni3+, and V4+/V5+. Thermodynamic parameters supported phase stability, with ΔSmix = 12.51 J K−1·mol−1 and Ω = 2.68. Gamma-ray attenuation properties were evaluated over 0.015-15 MeV. The linear attenuation coefficient decreased from 193.685 cm−1 at 0.015 MeV to 0.309 cm−1 at 1 MeV and stabilized near 0.137 cm−1 at 15 MeV. Correspondingly, the half value layer increased from 0.004 cm to 5.068 cm across the same energy range. The effective atomic number decreased from 24.58 at 0.015 MeV to approximately 15.37 at 1 MeV, followed by a moderate increase to 17.71 at 15 MeV. Comparative analysis with commercial stainless steel, titanium alloys, nickel-based superalloys, ferro-boron systems, and lightweight entropy alloys demonstrated that the synthesized HEAO exhibits intermediate yet stable attenuation performance, positioning it between low-density Al-based systems and high-density Ni-rich alloys. It can be concluded that the alloy-to-oxide strategy enables the production of a structurally stable spinel HEAO with consistent and competitive gamma-ray attenuation behaviour across a broad photon energy spectrum.
AtıfScopus1OpenAlex1İncele - MakaleYalnız künye2026Scopus SJRQ1Flexural response prediction of C-shaped concrete-filled composite plate shear walls (C-PSW/CF) using response surface methodology
Polat, Erkan
Concrete-filled composite plate shear walls (C-PSW/CF) are an emerging prefabricated structural system that combines high strength, stiffness, and constructability for use in high-rise and seismic applications. Conventional plastic-theory-based flexural models originally developed for planar walls are intended only to estimate peak flexural strength; however, they cannot adequately capture several mechanisms governing the behavior of C-shaped sections, including concrete confinement, plate local buckling, von Mises stress interaction, and shear-lag effects. Moreover, no analytical formulations are currently available for predicting the full monotonic flexural response of such walls. This study develops a surrogate-based modeling framework that integrates high-fidelity finite element (FE) simulations with Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to predict the monotonic flexural response and yield moment capacity of C-shaped C-PSW/CF walls. A validated three-dimensional FE model (FEM) was used to simulate 77 wall configurations generated through a Central Composite Design (CCD) by varying six geometric and material parameters. Second-order RSM equations were derived to estimate moment capacity across drift ratios up to ±4% in both loading directions and to predict yield moments corresponding to the onset of web and flange plate yielding. The developed models show high predictive accuracy (R² > 0.95) and successfully capture nonlinear parameter interactions among section geometry, reinforcement ratio, and steel yield strength. Compared with nonlinear FE simulations, the RSM equations enable rapid prediction of wall capacity using explicit closed-form expressions, providing a computationally efficient tool for performance-based design and parametric evaluation of prefabricated composite wall systems.
AtıfScopus1WoS1OpenAlex1İncele - MakaleAçık Erişim2025Scopus SJRQ1A novel post-processing approach for improving minimum nonlinearity in S-boxes: A case study based on 2D hyper chaotic Schaffer transformation map
Aydın, Yılmaz; Garipcan, Ali Murat; Özkaynak, Fatih
Substitution boxes (s-boxes), providing nonlinearity in block cipher algorithms, constitute a fundamental security layer against linear and differential cryptanalysis attacks. In this study, an innovative s-box generation method is proposed by integrating a 2D hyper-chaotic Schaffer map (SM) with biomolecular DNA-based encoding techniques. Furthermore, to enhance the security of s-box structures, a novel post-processing algorithm is developed, aiming to simultaneously optimize both the average (NLavg) and minimum (NLmin) nonlinearity levels by targeting linear components. Unlike traditional meta-heuristic methods, the proposed algorithm avoids random exploration across large search spaces, instead identifying dominant linear components through Walsh spectrum analysis and applying targeted permutation operations to suppress their effects. This strategy not only increases the NLavg value but also balances the contribution of each Boolean function to security, thereby establishing a homogeneous and consistent security structure across all input–output combinations. Comparative experimental analyses with existing methods demonstrate that the proposed approach outperforms prior techniques in terms of both cryptographic security metrics and computational efficiency. In this respect, the study presents an advanced s-box design framework, characterized by high nonlinearity and a balanced spectral distribution, suitable for integration into modern block cipher systems.
AtıfScopus12WoS13OpenAlex13İncele - MakaleAçık Erişim2026Scopus SJRQ2Eigenfunction Expansion and Parseval Identity of β-Dirac Operators on the Whole Line
Koşar, Nida Palamut; Koşar, Cem; Akcay, Ozge
In the present work, we investigate a (Formula presented.) -Dirac problem on the whole-line. Our primary objectives are threefold: to demonstrate the existence of a spectral function, to deduce the associated Parseval identity, and to formulate an eigenfunction expansion theorem that characterizes the behavior of the problem under consideration.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2025Scopus SJRQ2Associations Between Pulmonary Function and Muscle Strength in Turkish National Karate Athletes
Tokgoz, Gurkan; Cinarli, Sena; Akyol, Betül; Aygoren, Caner; Beykumul, Aysegul; Larsen, Malte Nejst; Krustrup, Peter; França, Cíntia; Gouveia, Élvio Rúbio; Cinarli, Fahri Safa
Background: Respiratory efficiency is considered important in karate due to its role in sustaining muscular performance during high-intensity actions. This study examined the association between pulmonary function and isometric muscle strength in national-level karate athletes. Methods: A total of 23 elite karate athletes (mean age: 23.0 ± 2.3 (mean ± SD) years) participated in the study. Pulmonary function was assessed using a digital spirometer, while isometric handgrip, lower back, and leg strength were measured using a dynamometer. The correlation between pulmonary function and isometric strength was analyzed, and linear regression was employed to examine the predictive capacity of pulmonary parameters for muscle strength. Results: The results revealed significant correlations, ranging from large to very large, between pulmonary function and isometric muscle strength, with correlation coefficients from 0.639 to 0.812 (p < 0.01). Pulmonary function was strongly associated with isometric strength, accounting for 27% to 67% of the variance (p < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis revealed that pulmonary function parameters accounted for 71% of the variance in handgrip strength, 47% in leg strength, and 71% in back strength (p < 0.05). Conclusions: These findings highlight the strong associations between pulmonary function and isometric muscle strength in elite karate athletes. The results emphasize the importance of pulmonary health and respiratory muscle function in athletic performance, particularly for sports requiring high-intensity, dynamic movements like karate. Future longitudinal studies are needed to explore the mechanisms underlying the association and potential implications, and for training and performance optimization.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2026Scopus SJRQ2Experimental and numerical analysis of ceramic fiber geopolymer concrete under blast effect
Dalğıç, Aras; Yılmazer Polat, Berivan; Savaş, Sedat
This study employs both experimental and numerical methods to investigate the blast resistance of ceramic fiber-reinforced geopolymer concrete (CFGC), a cement-free material often referred to as green concrete due to its environmentally friendly nature compared to Portland cement concrete (PCC). Geopolymer concrete specimens, formulated with ground granulated blast furnace slag, silica fume, and varying proportions of ceramic fibers, were subjected to blast tests using 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 grams of trinitroglycerin (TNG). A standard PCC specimen was utilized as a control. The results demonstrate that the incorporation of 10% ceramic fibers significantly enhances the blast resistance of the geopolymer concrete, reducing crater diameters by up to 20% compared to conventional PCC. Furthermore, the finite element model developed in ANSYS Workbench exhibits a strong correlation with the experimental data, validating the predictive capability of the numerical simulations. Overall, this research highlights the immense potential of CFGC as a sustainable, highly durable alternative for structures exposed to blast loads.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2026Scopus SJRQ1Natural propolis-based coatings as an effective strategy to control microbial growth and quality losses of kiwifruit during cold storage
Ozturk, Burhan; Gun, Sefa; Erturk, Omer; Aglar, Erdal; Yıldız, Kenan; Ozturk, Ahmet
Background: this study investigated the effects of ethanol-extracted propolis applications on the quality characteristics, microbial growth, and microstructural changes of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) during cold storage. Four different application groups were created: control, 70% ethanol application (ETH), 3% propolis coating (PRO1), and 6% propolis coating (PRO2). After dip coating, the fruits were stored for 150 days at 0 ± 0.5 °C and 90 ± 5% relative humidity, and analyses were performed on days 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150. During storage, weight loss, respiration rate, fruit firmness, color, soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), vitamin C, total phenolics, total flavonoids, antioxidant activity (DPPH and FRAP assays), individual phenolic compounds, and microbial growth were determined in fruit samples. In addition, microstructural changes on the fruit surface were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the elemental surface composition was determined using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Results: propolis coating applications maintained the quality characteristics of kiwifruit during storage. In particular, PRO1 and PRO2 reduced weight loss and respiration rate, better preserved fruit firmness, and maintained more stable color parameters. Propolis coatings also contributed to the preservation of ascorbic acid, total phenolic compounds, and total flavonoids, ensuring that antioxidant activity remained at higher levels throughout the storage period. Microbiological analyses showed that propolis coatings markedly reduced total bacterial counts on the kiwifruit surface, indicating their potential to limit microbial contamination during cold storage. SEM images showed that propolis coatings formed a homogeneous film layer on the fruit surface and limited microbial colonization by sealing surface pores. EDX analyses showed treatment-dependent changes in the surface elemental composition of kiwifruit peel, whereas SEM observations confirmed the formation of a continuous propolis-derived surface layer. Conclusions: overall, ethanol-extracted propolis coatings reduced total bacterial counts and quality losses in kiwifruit during cold storage and may serve as an effective natural preservative for extending cold-storage life. This journal is
AtıfScopus1OpenAlex1İncele - MakaleAçık Erişim2026Scopus SJRQ2Bernstein-smoothed estimation and bootstrap inference for the lower-tail Spearman's rho curve
Lyu, Guanjie; Ouimet, Frédéric; Susam, Selim O.
This paper studies a Bernstein-smoothed plug-in estimator for the lower-tail Spearman's rho curve, a rank-based measure of local concordance defined through a normalized copula integral over the lower-left square (Formula presented.). The estimator applies the lower-tail Spearman functional to the empirical Bernstein copula and introduces a degree parameter that controls finite-sample regularization. The contribution is target-specific estimation and inference for the lower-tail Spearman's rho curve rather than a new general-purpose copula estimator. We establish uniform strong consistency on compact intervals away from zero whenever (Formula presented.). Under a target-specific integrated Bernstein-bias condition and (Formula presented.), we derive functional weak convergence with the same first-order Gaussian limit as the empirical copula-based estimator; this degree regime includes (Formula presented.). For inference, we justify a smoothed beta bootstrap based on sampling from the empirical beta copula and construct pointwise confidence intervals from the absolute centred bootstrap root. Monte Carlo experiments for the Farlie–Gumbel–Morgenstern, Gaussian, Clayton, and Frank copulas assess pointwise coverage over the threshold grid and show that Bernstein smoothing generally reduces integrated variance and often lowers mean integrated squared error under weak to moderate dependence. Additional common-sample experiments compare the proposed estimator with the empirical beta and empirical checkerboard Bernstein copula estimators in terms of pointwise error, integrated error, computation time, selected degrees, numerical stability, and pointwise coverage. A sensitivity analysis shows that (Formula presented.) is a simple theoretically admissible default that avoids the most severe oversmoothing. A descriptive application to the Loss–ALAE insurance claims data illustrates how the lower-tail Spearman's rho curve can reveal local dependence features that are not captured by the global Spearman correlation.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2026Scopus SJRQ4Protective effects of Sodium Tetraborate on fatty acid profiles in rat hearts subject to Lead toxicity; [Efecto protector del tetraborato de sodio sobre los perfiles de ácidos grasos en el corazon de ratas, expuestas a toxicidad por plomo]
Aydin, Sevinç
This study was designed to observe the effects of sodium tetraborate on preventing lead metal toxicity damage to fatty acids in rat heart tissue. After the heart tissues were homogenized with Tris-HCl buffer, the separated pellet part was prepared for fatty acid analysis. The fatty acids in the obtained lipid extract were converted to methyl ester form and analyzed with SHIMADZU GC 2010 PLUS gas chromatography. When comparing the lead group with the lead + sodium tetraborate group, partial increases were observed in saturated fatty acid levels such as myristic acid (14:0), pentadecanoic acid (15:0), and palmitic acid (16:0), while varying increases were seen in some monounsaturated fatty acid levels such as palmitoleic acid (16:1, n-7), and oleic acid (18:1, n-9). Moreover, demonstrated varying levels of increases in all polyunsaturated fatty acids excluding the arachidonic acid (20:4, n-6) and adrenic acid (22:4, n-6) fatty acids. As the most notable fatty acid change in our study, arachidonic acid (20:4, n-6) fatty acid increasing in the lead group while decreasing in the sodium tetraborate group demonstrates that sodium tetraborate decreased the negative effects of oxidative stress on fatty acids. The results of this study provide supporting evidence for the potential use of sodium tetraborate in drug design to prevent the toxic effects of lead.
