Yayınlar
Koleksiyondaki öğeler
- MakaleYalnız künye2011Scopus SJRQ3FATTY ACIDS PROFILES OF RAINBOW TROUT (ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS WALBAUM, 1792), FED WITH ZEOLITE (CLINOPTILOLITE)
Danabas, D.
In this trial, the lipid contents and fatty acid compositions (% of total fatty acids) of rainbow trout fed with four different ratios of clinoptilolite were studied. The fatty acid compositions of fish in groups ranged from 26.81% to 27.93 % saturated fatty acids, 25.35-31.435 % monounsaturated and 32.99-40.185 % polyunsaturated. Among them, those occurring in the highest proportions were oleic acid (C18:1n9, 19.85-22.27 %), palmitic acid (C16:0, 15.60-16.56 %), linoleic acid (C18:2n6, 11.43-18.88 %), cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n3, 13.36-15.52 %), stearic acid (C18:0, 4.25-4.75 %), palmitoleic acid (C16:1, 3.53-4.59 %), cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5 n3, 3.11-3.39 %), and myristic acid (C14:0, 2.56-2.85 %). The findings demonstrated that fatty acid compositions of the groups depend on feed, age, environmental conditions, and effects of feed additives like clinoptilolite. In this respect, it demonstrated that clinoptilolite can be added to fish feeds
AtıfWoS12
İncele - MakaleYalnız künye2015Effect of Dried Colza Plant as a Filler on Mechanical Properties, Density and Water Absorption of Low Density Polyethylene
Kismet, Yilmaz
In this study, mixtures have been obtained by putting dried colza plant as a filling material into low density polyethylene in ratios of 10 %, 20%, 30% in weight, and standard tensile experiment samples are produced from the mixtures by using plastic injection machine. The changes in the mechanical properties, densities and water absorption capacities of the samples have been analyzed and compared. To ensure homogeneity, the mixtures are first prepared in mechanical mixers, and then passed through extrusion machines. The material is granularized at the outlet of the extrusion machine by using crushers. Finally, with the plastic injection machine, this granule material is molded on the standard tensile experiment samples.
AtıfWoS1İncele - Derleme MakaleAçık Erişim2018Aminoacids in freshwater fish
Özçiçek, Esin; Can, Erkan
Proteins, which are the most important substances in the structure of living organism, are polymers of aminoacids with their chemical qualities. Aminoacids can be converted into other substances during metabolism, and can be used in the synthesis of certain chemical structures that the body needs. While more than 90% of the amino acids in the structure of living organisms are present in the protein, the other part is found as free aminoacids in all tissues and body fluids. Fish cannot synthesize all the aminoacids in their body. Unsynthesised aminoacids must be given to fish with feed. The use of proteins in the embryological and larval stages is very important, and free aminoacids are one of the most important components of energy metabolism. Aminoacids are also used as quality indices for various fish species. Studies have shown that freshwater fish require especially essential amino acids. These; arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine. In this study; information on the importance of aminoacids in freshwater fish has been compiled.
AtıfWoS1OpenAlex2
İncele - MakaleAçık Erişim2021Scopus SJRQ2The Negative Perception of the Bektashi and the Kizilbash/Alevis in Literature from Nur Baba to Bektasi Kiz (1913-1945)
Çakmak, Yalcin
The Kizilbash/Alevi and Bektashi have been subject to various negative criticisms due to their beliefs outside Sunnism, the official belief system since the sixteenth century. It has been seen that the members of the two groups, whose social bases and beliefs mostly overlap, have faced several accusations because of their exclusive rituals. On that sense, this case came to be a subject matter in Ottoman official documents as well as in the texts written by the Westerners who were active in Ottoman territories. Sexual ones are foregrounded among the accusations that they were subject to owing to this exclusive structure of the Bektashi and the Kizilbash/Alevi communities. This perception of the communities in question came to be a mystery in accord with doubts put into circulation by Sunni communities especially. The growing interest of the society in this mystery were to be a subject matter of both the Ottoman literature and the literature of the Republic. Nur Baba penned by Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoglu in serials in 1913 and published into a book in 1922 was the first work upon this subject. The repercussions Nur Baba had and its content became an inspiration to following works by others. The opposition to the Bektashi and the Kizilbash/Alevi was employed in common and distinct works by Omer Seyfeddin, Peyami Safa (Server Becli) and Niyazi Ahmet Banoglu in the following years. This paper intends to chronologically study and analyse the portrayal of the Kizilbash/Alevi and the Bektashi in relation to the continuation of the negative perception in literature, starting with Nur Baba, , in Harem, Pamuk Ipligi and Bir Genc Kiz Bektasiler Arasinda and Bektasi Kiz, from the late Ottoman period to the midst of the Republic period except for Sadri Ertem's cikriklar Durunca novel.
AtıfOpenAlex4TR Dizin4İncele - BildiriAçık Erişim2018Example of A Kinetic Mathematical Modeling in Food Engineering
Ertekin, Ozlem
Mathematical modeling of biochemical, chemical reaction processes facilitates understanding. The kinetics of these reaction processes can be analyzed mathematically and kinetics are presented as systems of differential equations. Mathematical model of a reaction kinetic is studied in this study. Bernoulli-Sub equation function method is used in this study. This example can be new model for food engineering applications.
AtıfWoS1OpenAlex1İncele - MakaleYalnız künye2019Scopus SJRQ1Fundamental vibration frequency prediction of historical masonry bridges
Onat, Onur
It is very common to find an empirical formulation in an earthquake design code to calculate fundamental vibration period of a structural system. Fundamental vibration period or frequency is a key parameter to provide adequate information pertinent to dynamic characteristics and performance assessment of a structure. This parameter enables to assess seismic demand of a structure. It is possible to find an empirical formulation related to reinforced concrete structures, masonry towers and slender masonry structures. Calculated natural vibration frequencies suggested by empirical formulation in the literatures has not suits in a high accuracy to the case of rest of the historical masonry bridges due to different construction techniques and wide variety of material properties. For the listed reasons, estimation of fundamental frequency gets harder. This paper aims to present an empirical formulation through Mean Square Error study to find ambient vibration frequency of historical masonry bridges by using a non-linear regression model. For this purpose, a series of data collected from literature especially focused on the finite element models of historical masonry bridges modelled in a full scale to get first global natural frequency, unit weight and elasticity modulus of used dominant material based on homogenization approach, length, height and width of the masonry bridge and main span length were considered to predict natural vibration frequency. An empirical formulation is proposed with 81% accuracy. Also, this study draw attention that this accuracy decreases to 35%, if the modulus of elasticity and unit weight are ignored.
AtıfWoS14OpenAlex6İncele - MakaleYalnız künye2010Scopus SJRQ2INFLUENCE OF CURING CONDITIONS AND AGGREGATE TYPE ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SELF COMPACTING LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
Gönen, Tahir; Yazicioglu, Salih
Lightweight concrete has important advantages, especially in terms of earthquakes. Besides, the production of lightweight concrete with lightweight aggregate is a problem, because workability of lightweight concrete is difficult. If self compaction property can be added to the lightweight concrete, this negativity can be removed. In this study, mechanical properties of self compacting lightweight concrete (SCLWC) containing expanded perlite and pumice aggregates were investigated. Moreover, mechanical properties of self compacting (SCC) and lightweight (LC) concrete were investigated by being compared with SCLWC. Powder phase of self compacting lightweight concrete was consisted of CEM I 42.5 N cement type and C class fly ash. Pumice and expanded perlite aggregates were used in aggregate phase. Compressive strength and flexural tensile strength at 7, 28 and 90 days were determined on specimens were cured in water and air at the same ages. Obtained test results showed that SCLWC of 50 MPa compressive strength at 28 days can be produced by the use of lightweight aggregate and this concrete was not effect to curing condition as much as conventional concrete.
AtıfWoS1İncele - MakaleYalnız künye2014Scopus SJRQ3Length-Weight Relationship and Condition Factor of Hippocampus hippocampus and Hippocampus guttulatus Inhabiting Eastern Black Sea
Basusta, Asiye; Özer, Ebru I.; Girgin, Hulya; Serdar, Osman; Basusta, Nuri
In this study,. length weight relationships, of two seahorse species were determined inhabiting Eastern Black Sea. Hippocampus hippocampus (38) and Hippocampus guttulatus (139) individuals were obtained by commercial fishermen in the Eastern Black Sea. Length-weight relationships of H hippocampus were found as W=0.012TL(2 41) (R-2=0,90) and length-weight relationships of H. guttulatus were found as W=0.005TL(2.84) (R-2=0.91). for all individuals. The type of growth for both sexes was negative allometric growth (b<3) for these species. Average condition factors of H. hippocampus and H. guttulatus have shown 0.38 and 0.41, respectively.
AtıfWoS13İncele - MakaleYalnız künye2014Scopus SJRQ1Effect of ellagic acid on some haematological, immunological and antioxidant parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Yonar, S. Mise; Yonar, M. E.; Yöntürk, Y.; Pala, A.
In this study, effect of ellagic acid on some haematological, immunological and antioxidant parameters in the blood and various tissues of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were examined. Four groups of rainbow trout were fed experimental diets containing either no ellagic acid (control) or supplemented with ellagic acid at 50mg/kg diet (EA-50), 100mg/kg diet (EA-100) or 150mg/kg diet (EA-150) for 21days. Samples of the blood and tissue (liver, kidney and spleen) were collected at the end of the experiment and analysed for their haematological profile (the red blood cell count, the haemoglobin concentration and the haematocrit level), immune response (the white blood cell count, the oxidative radical production (NBT activity), the total plasma protein and total immunoglobulin level) and oxidant/antioxidant status (the malondialdehyde level, the superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activity as well as the reduced glutathione concentration). The findings of this study demonstrated that ellagic acid had a positive effect on the haematological parameters, the immune response and the antioxidant enzyme activities of the fish.
AtıfWoS35OpenAlex37
İncele - MakaleYalnız künye2015Scopus SJRQ3A Time Series Approach for Precipitation in Turkey
Balibey, Mesut; Türkyilmaz, Serpil
The climate that has a dynamic structure varies continuously. Basic climatological features of any region depend on many meteorological variables, such as precipitation and temperature records. The changes in these two variables reveal important clues about climate variations. Turkey is one of the sensitive areas for climate variation around the world. In this study, statistical analysis is applied to historical data set consisted of monthly precipitation totals (mm.) which are provided by the Turkish State Meteorological Service(TSMS) for 1999-2010 period in Turkey. Furthermore, a sinusoidal model for each region obtained by using a time series method is proposed in order to obtain a sinusoidal form for the precipitation to each region. Besides a basic form of Frequency Domain Techniques, usual Box-Jenkins ARIMA approach is applied in this study. In conclusion, it is observed that the sinusoidal model predictions are more appropriate than ARIMA techniques and usual generalized linear model (GLM) techniques.
AtıfWoS6İncele - MakaleYayıncıda açık erişim2016Scopus SJRQ3Oxidative stress and some biochemical parameters during starvation and refeeding in Astacus leptodactylus (Esch., 1823)
Barim-Oz, O.; Sahin, H.
This study was conducted to determine the effect of starvation (78 days) and refeeding (33 days) on oxidative stress (malondialdehyde (MDA)), antioxidants (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px)), arginase (AR) and nitric oxide (NO) in the hepatopancreas, muscle and gills tissues of freshwater crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus). Crayfish were maintained at three experimental groups: control (fed), starved (not fed) crayfish for 78 days and refeeding crayfish for 33 days after 78 days starvation. The biochemical analysis in the tissues were measured at 3, 18, 33, 48, 63 and 78 days of starvation and feeding and at 3, 18 and 33 days of refeeding. In the all periods, the MDA levels were significantly higher in tissues of starved crayfish than the control ones. Significant changes in the MDA levels were also observed amongst starvation times. In the tissues of starved crayfish was significantly higher SOD, CAT, GR and AR activities when compared to control crayfish. The GSH-Px and NO activity showed increases and decreases in different starvation periods according to control group. The parameters measured returned to control values after 33 days of the refeeding. Collectively, the present study indicated that starvation induces MDA, SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, GR, AR and NO activity in the tissues, and A. leptodactylus exposed to starvation can be withstand 78 days.
AtıfWoS8OpenAlex14İncele - MakaleAçık Erişim2017Stability of fish protein hydrolysate from heads of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), european sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss) during storage
Erol, Nida Demirtas; Erdem, Omer Alper; Çakli, Sukran
In the present study, protein hydrolyzate was obtained from the head region from the wastes produced during filleting of seabream (Sparus aurata), seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss) cultured in Turkey. After the functional and antioxidant properties of the obtained products were determined, the post-storage stability of the protein hydrolysates stored frozen for 6 months was determined by analysis. In this study, degree of hydrolysis, functional properties (protein solubility, emulsion properties, foaming properties, color properties, water holding capacity (WHC)), antioxidant properties (DPPH (1,1 -diphenyl-2-pic-ryhydrayl) free radical scavenging capacity, antioxidative activity, metal chelating) and determination of aminoacid sequencing were carried out in protein hydrolysate. To evaluate the effect of storage time on fish protein hydrolysates stored at -18 degrees C after production, the above-mentioned analyzes including functional and antioxidative properties were repeated at the end of the 6 month storage period. Results were interpreted using statistical analysis. According to the functional and antioxidative properties of fish protein hydrolyzate, the highest antioxidant activity was determined in seabream head hydrolyzate. The production yield of all fish protein hydrolysates is 5%. The functional and antioxidant properties of fish protein hydrolysates varied according to fish species.
AtıfWoS6OpenAlex7İncele - MakaleYalnız künye2020Are Reasoning Skills on Geometric Shapes Predictors of Geometry Performance?
Ilhan, Aziz; Aslaner, Recep
In this study, the relationship between the pre-service mathematics teachers' reasoning skills on geometric shapes and geometry performances were investigated. The participants of the study consisted of 384 pre-service mathematics teachers, 252 females, 132 males who studied at the faculties of education of two universities in Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia in the fall semester of 2016-2017 academic year. In the study, due to the limitations in terms of time and labor conditions, appropriate sampling method was preferred when determining the sample. In the section where the applications of the study were done, relational survey model was used. The data of the study were collected by reasoning skills on geometric shapes test and geometry performance test developed by the researchers. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA test, Cohen's f, Cohen's d effect size values, correlation analysis and regression analysis. In the study, when the reasoning skills on geometric shapes and geometry performance data were compared according to gender variable, it was found that the average of men was higher than women. In addition, when the geometry performance scores are examined, it is seen that the third grade has the highest average, while reasoning skills on geometric shapes scores have the highest average in the second grade. When the scale and test scores of preservice mathematics teachers were examined according to gender variable, it was found that reasoning skills on geometric shapes ability and geometry performance scores did not show a significant difference between them. As a result of ANOVA test, it was found that the differences between the classes were significant reasoning skills on geometric shapes ability and geometry performance. The calculated Cohen's effect size values showed that the differences between the classes were low. When this difference was investigated between the classes, it was found that there was a significant difference between some classes. When the Cohen's effect size values of these differences are examined, it is seen that there are low significant effects between the classes. When the correlation values between the variables were examined, a high-level relationship was found between the reasoning skills on geometric shapes ability and the geometry performance. In addition, it was found that reasoning skills on geometric shapes ability is a significant predictor of geometry performance. As a result of the findings obtained in the study, suggestions were made about the use of the concepts of reasoning skills on geometric shapes and geometry performance in academic field and mathematics teaching.
- MakaleYalnız künye2010Scopus SJRQ3Effect of Duo-Culture on Growth Performance of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis Mitchill, 1814) and Black Sea Trout (Salmo trutta labrax Pallas, 1811) in Tank Reared Condition
Basçinar, Nadir; Sahin, Sebnem Atasaral; Kocabas, Mehmet
The objectives of the present study were to compare growth performance and feed conversion ratios of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and Black Sea trout (Salmo trutta labrax) in monoculture and duo-culture tank reared conditions. The fish were about 9-month-old hatchery reared brook trout and Black Sea trout with initial weights of 24.18 +/- 0.64 (n=60) and 23.87 +/- 1.11 (n=60) g, respectively. Fish were kept in 0.2 m(3) fiberglass tanks. Nine tanks were used and the fish were equally allotted to 3 groups with tree replicates and fed for 240 days. Each tank contained 20 fish from each species for monoculture and 10+10 fish from each species for duo-culture. At the end of the study, mean live weights of brook trout and Black Sea trout increased to 265.47 +/- 17.25 g and 206.18 +/- 2.95 g in monoculture. 235.53 +/- 10.25 g and 222.47 +/- 1429 g in duo-culture, respectively, and significant differences were found among the groups (P<0.01). The highest and lowest specific growth rates were found in brook trout and Black Sea trout in monoculture (P<0.01), respectively. The highest and lowest final condition factors were calculated in duo-culture for brook trout and in monoculture for Black Sea trout (P<0.01), respectively. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) for Black Sea trout was higher than it was for the other groups (P < 0.01).
AtıfWoS11İncele - MakaleAçık Erişim2014Scopus SJRQ2Organoleptic and Chemical Changes during Storage of Sea Bass Marinades (Dicentrarchus labraxL., 1758)
Kaya, Gulderen Kurt; Bastürk, Ozden
Chemical and organoleptic changes in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) preserved at 4C for 200 days have been investigated in this study. To prepare the fish fillets for study, they were put, at a ratio of 1:1.5 (fish:marinade brine), for marination into the brine containing 11% salt and 3.5% acetic acid. After the maturation process, samples were divided into two groups and packed in sealed plastic containers as plain and sauced and preserved for 200 days. At both groups packed as plain and sauced, TVB-N, TBA, TMA-N and peroxide number values were at acceptable limits during the storage of 200 days. It can be determined that both of the groups were approved in organoleptic terms; however, the sea bass marinades packed as plain were better approved. Our study shows that sea bass marinades packed as plain and sauced can be stored for 200 days without any quality problems. Practical Applications As the processed products are easy to store and bring a large margin of profit and always ready for the market, developing new products will contribute greatly to the aquaculture processing sector. Marinade processing technology is one of the cheapest technologies in aquaculture products processing and preservation methods, and it is very important in that it enriches the taste of fish, adds flavor and provides a longer shelf life. In the Mediterranean countries, sea bass ranks first in saltwater aquaculture and is among the most important aquaculture products. However; making use of the fish, especially which could not be sold or are undersold in the yield period, with the help of alternative processing methods can contribute to producers, the fisheries processing sector and the national economy. It was determined that sea bass marinades packed as plain and sauced can be stored for 200 days and can still retain their quality.
AtıfWoS7OpenAlex10İncele - BildiriYalnız künye2019Pneumonia Detection from Radiography Images using Convolutional Neural Networks
Talo, Muhammed
Pneumonia continues to be the leading cause of child mortality in children under the age of five, and 2,400 children, most of whom are babies under 2 years of age, die from pneumonia. In this study, an automated detection system is proposed for the diagnosis of pneumonia with chest radiography images. With the transfer learning technique, ResNet-152 convolutional neural network was customized to recognize pneumonia from radiography images. With this customized architecture, a recognition success of 97.4% was obtained in the detection of pneumonia disease without any preprocessing of raw data or manual feature extraction on radiography images. This model, which was proposed for the detection of pneumonia, found to be more successful when compared with the other successful studies in the literature.
AtıfWoS6OpenAlex16İncele - MakaleYalnız künye2012Scopus SJRQ3DETERMINATION OF SAFETY DOSE OF EUCALYPTUS CAMALDULENSIS HYDROSOL ON MIRROR CARP (CYPRINUS CARPIO)
Altinterim, Basar; Gulec, Azime Kucukgul; Aksu, Onder
In this study, the safety dose of Eucalyptus camaldulensis hydrosol on carp (Cyprinus carpio) was investigated. Powdered eucalyptus leaves were mixed with deionized water and then distilled. The hydrosol was added into aquariums at doses of 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15 ml L-1 Temperature, pH, hardness and dissolved oxygen level of the water were recorded before and after hydrosol adding. The control and test experiments were repeated three times. Data obtained from the safety dose tests of E. camaldulensis hydrosol were evaluated using the Probit Analysis Statistical Method. The 5-h LC50 value (95 % confidence limit) of the safe dose of E. camaldulensis hydrosol was estimated to be 0.93 ml L-1(0.03-0.11). It can be seen that 0.05 ml L-1 doses of eucalyptus hydrosol do not create any kind of mental disorder. In the fish exposed to 0.10 and 0.15 ml L-1 doses, some mental disorders (rolling, numbness) and, at the end of 5 h, mortality in all the trial fish have been determined. The number of dead fish was significantly exposed to E. camaldulensis hydrosol (P<0.05).
AtıfWoS6İncele - Kitap BölümüYalnız künye2017Nanoencapsulation of Enzymes, Bioactive Peptides, and Biological Molecules
Çaglar, Muhammed Yusuf; Demirci, Mehmet; Bayrambas, Kadir; Çakir, Bilal; Gülseren, Ibrahim
AtıfWoS3OpenAlex4İncele - MakaleYalnız künye2014Scopus SJRQ2Use of acetylcholinesterase, glutathione S-transferase and cytochrome P450 1A1 in Capoeta umbla as biomarkers for monitoring of pollution in Uzuncayir Dam Lake (Tunceli, Turkey)
Yildirim, Nuran Cikcikogiu; Yildirim, Numan; Danabas, Durali; Danabas, Seual
Uzuncayir Dam Lake is one of the most important water bodies in Tunceli. It is polluted by domestic wastewaters together with natural contamination and pesticides, which have had cumulatively negative effects. This study analyzes the effects of pollution by using the fish species, Capoeta umbla as a sentinel species, with a biomarker approach. The approach comprehends a general biomarker of individual fish health, the condition factor and specific biomarkers of contaminant exposure such as glutathione S-transferase (GST) and cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. The general water physico-chemical parameters were measured at each sampling sites during each fish-sampling period. Strong seasonal and locational variations were observed among selected markers. In conclusion, the multibiomarker approach used in the present study clearly revealed differences in the fish health among reference and potentially contaminated sites. The study shows that changes of biomarkers such as acetylcholinesterase, glutathione S-transferase and cytochrome P450 1A1 might be useful for the assessment of environmental contamination in the Uzuncayir Dam Lake (Tunceli, Turkey). (C) 2014 Elsevier By. All rights reserved.
AtıfWoS14OpenAlex16İncele - MakaleYalnız künye2017Scopus SJRQ3THE ROLE OF GLUTATHIONE IN THE DETOXIFICATION OF PERCHLOROETHYLENE
Sahilli, Yeliz Cakir
Environmental factors have important roles in the development of cancer. Especially, the exposure of chemicals existing in the workplace with people is a very important issue. People at such places are exposed to chemicals more especially via respiratory and dermal route. Thus, their health is under the risk. Dry cleaning centers are intensively subjected to PCE, which is a common chemical used at these work places, and the risk of cancer is very high for them. The main aim of the present study is to investigate, if PCE exposure results in glutathione efflux from human erythrocytes. In the present study, the changes in intracellular and extracellular non-protein sulfhydryl (NPSH) levels were determined in PCE exposed erythrocytes. PCE significantly depleted intracellular NPSH level in a time and concentration-dependent manner. PCE significantly increased the NPSH levels measured in the extracellular media. Along with the change in extracellular nonprotein thiol levels, significant increases in extracellular glutathione levels were detected. Erythrocyte membranes were not damaged over the course of PCE exposure as indicated by the absence of lactate dehydrogenase activity in the extracellular media. Utilization of MK571 an MRP inhibitor decreased the rate of glutathione efflux from erythrocytes suggesting a role for this membrane transporter in the process. The results of the present study indicate that erythrocytes efflux glutathione when exposed to PCE. In addition to glutathione oxidation, glutathione efflux also contributes to intracellular loss of glutathione when exposed PCE.
