Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları

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Alt birimler

• Beşeri ve İktisadi Coğrafya Anabilim Dalı
• Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri Anabilim Dalı
• Fiziki Coğrafya Anabilim Dalı

Araştırmacılar(12)

• Aktağ, Alican
• Başaran, Erkin
• Büyükdeniz, Yusuf
• Çılğın, Zeynel
• Çimen, Okay
• Güner, Bülent
• Kırboğa, Onur
• Konurhan, Zekeriya
• Reyhanoğulları, Müslüm
• Sami, Muhammad
• Sançar, Taylan
• Us, Muhammed Sami

• MakaleAçık Erişim2026/r/munzur/4767
  Geological Formation Environments of Rare Earth Elements: Examples from Around the World and Turkiye

  Çimen, Okay; Dönmez, Cahit

  Rare earth elements (REEs) are critical raw materials used in strategic fields such as defense, energy, electronics, lasers, and sensor technologies, and particularly in the production of permanent magnets including NdFeB and SmCo types. Since the early 2000s, the global supply of rare earth elements has become dominated by China for mining, beneficiation, and separation processes, as non-Chinese producers have lost competitiveness due to high capital requirements and the costs imposed by environmental regulations. This review addresses the geological formation environments, deposit types, and global reserve-resource distributions of REEs within an integrated framework. REE mineralization occurs within primary geological sources such as carbonatites, alkaline magmatic systems, and iron oxide copper-gold (IOCG) deposits, as well as in secondary sources including ion-adsorption clays, placers, and lateritic formations. Primary sources are generally enriched in light REEs and are characterized by high-cost production processes, whereas heavy REEs are predominantly obtained from secondary sources. Globally, REE reserves are estimated to be approximately 90-120 Mt, while potential resources are on the order of similar to 480 Mt, with China occupying a leading position in terms of both reserves and resources. In Europe, Greenland, Sweden, Finland, Norway, Germany, and Turkiye are among the regions with significant REE potential. In Turkiye, the principal REE areas defined at the deposit scale are the Eski & scedil;ehir-K & imath;z & imath;lcaoren (Beylikova) and Malatya-Kuluncak districts. These districts are associated with alkaline magmatism and display enrichment particularly in Nd and Pr (beyond La and Ce), rendering them strategically important for NdFeB permanent magnet production. Recent studies conducted by Eti Maden indicate that the Eski & scedil;ehir-K & imath;z & imath;lcaoren area hosts a large-scale resource of approximately 694 Mt with total REE grades of1.5-1.8%. The Eski & scedil;ehir-K & imath;z & imath;lcaoren area is related to the extensional tectonic regime of Western Anatolia, whereas the Malatya-Kuluncak area is associated with post-collisional alkaline magmatism of Late Cretaceous-Early Paleocene age developed within the Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex. The presence of similar alkaline systems across Turkiye indicates significant potential for REE exploration and critical mineral strategies. This synthesis provides a comprehensive geological reference framework for the development of REE exploration strategies, the diversification of global supply chains, and evaluation of Turkiyes'REE potential.

  İncele
• MakaleAçık Erişim2026/r/munzur/6072
  Kültürel Coğrafyalarda Postkolonyalizmin İzdüşümü

  Reyhanoğulları, Müslüm

  Bu çalışma, kültürel coğrafya ile postkolonyal kuram arasındaki kuramsal ve kavramsal kesişim noktalarını dikkate alarak, söz konusu her iki alanın multidisipliner etkileşim bağlamında coğrafi bilgi üretimine nasıl katkı sunduğunu tartışmaktadır. Aynı zamanda kültürel coğrafyanın kuramsal sınırlarını genişleterek coğrafi düşünceye çoğulcu, tarihsel ve eleştirel bir yön kazandırmayı ve postkolonyal coğrafyanın kültürü, mekânsal üretimi ve yeri algılama biçimlerini tartışmayı amaçlamaktadır. 20. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren beşerî coğrafyada yaşanan epistemolojik, metodolojik ve ontolojik değişimle birlikte kültürel coğrafya mekânın fiziki boyutunu inceleyen bir alt alan olmaktan çıkmış; kimlik, kültür, temsil, iktidar, söylem ve aidiyet gibi kavramlar etrafında şekillenen eleştirel bir yönelime evrilmiştir. Bu dönüşüm süreci; coğrafi bilginin ideolojik, söylemsel ve tarihsel bağlamlar içerisinde nasıl üretildiğine dair farkındalığın artmasını sağlamıştır. Postkolonyal yaklaşım ise bu süreçte sömürgecilik deneyimlerinin ve kolonyal söylemlerin mekânın kurgulanmasındaki rolünü sorgulayan kuramsal bir araç olarak yoğun bir ilgi görmüştür. Bu anlamda kuram, özellikle Avrupamerkezli bilgi yapılarının eleştirisi ve alternatif coğrafi epistemolojilerin inşası bakımından kültürel coğrafya alanına önemli katkılar sunmuştur. Bu bağlamda çalışma nitel araştırma yaklaşımıyla ve literatür taramasına dayalı olarak yapılandırılmış; söylem, temsil ve mekân ilişkileri postkolonyal perspektiften analiz edilmiş ve yorumlanmıştır. Bu doğrultuda kültürel coğrafyanın postkolonyal yaklaşımla kurduğu kuramsal bağın; günümüzdeki küresel eşitsizliklerin, kimlik politikalarının ve mekânsal adaletsizliklerin anlaşılmasına yönelik önemli bir eleştirel çerçeve sunduğu söylenebilmektedir.

  İncele
• MakaleAçık Erişim2026/r/munzur/5984
  Mekânın Kutsallaşması; Tunceli’nin Dini Ziyaret Yerleri İle Coğrafi Fenomenlerin İlişkisi

  Çılğın, Zeynel; Kırboğa, Onur; Güner, Bülent

  Antik dünyanın animistik inanışlarından günümüze doğaya ait pek çok unsur, inançlar içerisinde değişen önemlerde kendisine yer bulmuştur. Güneş, ay, yıldızlar gibi göksel kültler ile yükseklik, dağ gibi topografik kültler ve su kültü en yaygın doğal dini temalardır. Zamanla doğa / mekân ayrılmaz biçimde inanç ile bütünleşmiş ve coğrafi mekânın bazı bölümleri kutsiyet kazanmıştır. Bir yeryüzü parçasının kutsal kabul edilmesi genellikle karma-şık bir süreç olmamakla birlikte pek çok nedenle ilgilidir. Dolayısıyla mekân içinde kutsalın kapsamı çok geniştir. Kutsal şehirler, kutsal dağlar, kutsal yapılar, kutsal nehirler, kutsal mağaralar, kutsal mezarlar bunlardan bazılarıdır. Alevî inancı içerisinde doğal kültler oldukça belirgindir. Doğa bütü-nüyle kutsaldır ve dini kişiliklerle de ilişkilidir. Nitekim Tunceli’de yaygın inanış olan Alevîlik inancında doğaya ait pek çok öge bulunmaktadır. Özellikle dini ziyaret yerleri ile coğrafi mekân ve doğal çevre arasında doğrudan bir ilişki bulunmaktadır. Nitekim Tunceli’deki ziyaret yerlerinde, “sıra dışı”,“olağanüstü” ve “benzersiz” olarak yorumlanabilecek coğrafi fenomenlere sıkça rastlanmaktadır. Bu coğrafi olağanüstülük algısı, zaman içinde ilahi bir iz ve “alamet” olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Tunceli heybetli dağları, derin vadileri, coşkun akarsuları ile hayranlık uyandırıcı zengin coğrafi / topografik varlıklara sahiptir. Böylelikle doğada ilahi olanla insanı buluşturduğuna inanılan hiyerofanik yapılar ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu çalışma, ülkemizde coğrafi mekânla kutsalın etkileşimi üzerine coğrafya perspektifiyle yapılan ilk çalışmalardan biridir. Çalışmanın amacı, Tunceli’deki ziyaretgâhların coğrafi çevre özelliklerini dikkate alarak, bu yerlerin kutsallık kazanmasında coğrafi fenomenlerin ve doğal çevre özelliklerinin etkisini araştırmaktır. Çalışmanın ilk bölümünde nazari çerçeve oluşturulmuş, ikinci bölüm arazi gözlem ve inceleme yöntemiyle toplanan verilerin değerlendirilmesine ayrılmıştır. Ayrıca ziyaret yerleri haritalandırılmış ve fotoğraflandırılmıştır.

  AtıfOpenAlex1

  İncele
• MakaleYalnız künye2026Scopus SJRQ1/r/munzur/1331
  Geochemical signature, detrital zircon U–Pb, and mica Ar–Ar age systematics from the Karadere Basement Unit of the İstanbul-Zonguldak Terrane (NW, Türkiye): evidence for an Avalonian-Cadomian active continental margin

  Çimen, Okay; Gücer, Mehmet Ali; Göncüoğlu, Mehmet Cemal; Akal, Cüneyt; Arslan, Mehmet; Simonetti, Antonio; Karaoğlan, Fatih

  The İstanbul-Zonguldak Terrane is located in northwest Anatolia and includes several outcrops with pre-Cambrian basement units. The Karadere Basement Unit represents the easternmost basement of this terrane and is composed of paragneiss, quartzite, and orthogneiss. The paragneiss and quartzite are cut by orthogneisses and disconformably overlain by Lower Ordovician to Middle Devonian cover units. Its pre-Cambrian to Palaeozoic tectonic evolution remains poorly understood, and therefore, this study reports whole-rock trace element signatures, detrital zircon U–Pb, and muscovite Ar–Ar age data for samples of paragneiss, quartzite, amphibolite, and orthogneiss. The whole-rock geochemical data indicate that the protoliths of the paragneiss and quartzite samples investigated here could have been derived from arc-related felsic magmatic units located in an active continental margin. The protoliths of amphibolites and orthogneiss samples are gabbro and granite, respectively, and their geochemical signatures are akin to those from continental arc igneous suites. The detrital zircon U–Pb data are characterized by predominantly Mesoproterozoic (84%) and lesser amount of Palaeoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic ages and suggest an early Tonian (youngest peak age of 915 ± 18 Ma) maximum depositional age. Moreover, zircon U–Pb dating analyses from an orthogneiss sample yielded an age of 603 ± 2 Ma, indicating the occurrence of mid-Ediacaran arc magmatism. This represents one of the oldest Ediacaran ages obtained from the metamagmatic basement rocks of the İstanbul-Zonguldak Terrane. Ar–Ar dating of muscovite from ortho- and paragneiss samples yielded ages of 533 ± 25 Ma and 530 ± 9 Ma, respectively, which are interpreted as early Cambrian cooling ages. Overall, the combined results reported here reveal that the Karadere Basement Unit is markedly different from NE African basement units but displays similarities to the basement rocks of both Avalonian and Amazonian terranes. It may have been formed and metamorphosed in an Avalonian–Cadomian active continental margin during the mid- to late Neoproterozoic and early Cambrian.

  AtıfScopus1

  İncele
• MakaleAçık Erişim2026Scopus SJRQ4/r/munzur/1305
  Petrography, geochemistry and formation of the Sarıçimen (Van, eastern Türkiye) Fe-Ni-Co laterite deposit

  Çimen, Okay

  The Sarıçimen Fe-Ni laterite deposit is located in eastern Türkiye (Van province) and represents one of the important Ni and Co-enriched lateritic mineralizations formed in the ophiolitic occurences. This study aims to decipher the petrographic and geochemical signatures of the laterite horizon in order to better figure out the processes controlling Fe-Ni-Co mineralization and the genesis of the deposit. In this study, field and petrographic observations, and whole-rock geochemical data have been used to characterize the mineralogical and geochemical evolution of the lateritic horizon. Petrographic studies indicate that the protolith of the laterite zone is mostly composed of serpentinized ultramafic rocks including relics of Cr-spinel and chromite grains. This lateritic zone is characterized by hematite-and magnetite-rich zones formed above saprolitic levels that may have been derived from the weathering of ultramafic parent rocks. Whole rock geochemical analyses indicate that Fe₂O₃ and SiO₂ are the dominant oxides, and Ni concentrations vary between 0.33 and 1.01 wt.%. Also, Co values are ranging between 330 ppm and 600 ppm in the laterite samples investigated here. More importantly, correlation analyses exhibit a positive relationship between Ni and Fe₂O₃ and this may be attributed to a close association with Fe-oxide minerals during the lateritization. In contrast, a negative correlation between Ni and SiO₂ may indicate the presence of silica depletion during chemical weathering. The geochemical trends investigated here reveal that the laterite zone developed through intense lateritic weathering of ultramafic rocks, which is characterized by the removal of relatively mobile elements such as Si and Ca and the residual enrichment of Fe, Ni, and Co. The presence of Cr-spinel relics once again confirms the ultramafic origin of the parental rocks. Overall, the Sarıçimen deposit represents a Fe-Ni-Co laterite derived from nearby ultramafic sources within the ophiolitic sequence. The occurrence of Fe-Ni-Co laterite deposits at both the southwestern and northeastern segments of the Southern Neotethys Suture Zone suggests that this tectonic belt may represent a promising metallogenic area for lateritic Fe-Ni-Co mineralization in the southern Türkiye.

  İncele
• MakaleAçık Erişim2026Scopus SJRQ4/r/munzur/1283
  Sustainable land management under uncertainty: A hybrid Bayesian BWM and RPM framework for spatial prioritization

  Konurhan, Zekeriya

  Sustainable land management is a complex problem due to environmental constraints and decision-maker uncertainty. This study presents an integrated solution combining Geographic Information Systems (GIS), the Bayesian Best-Worst Method (Bayesian BWM), and the Ratio Product Model (RPM) to improve the accuracy of spatial prioritization in land-use decisions. The integration of the Bayesian BWM and RPM statistically minimizes the cognitive uncertainty in expert opinions whilst enabling the most suitable areas to be ranked with precision within their own categories, without any normalization constraints. The proposed model was developed for three main categories —residential, industrial, and agricultural— in the province of Balıkesir. The analysis results revealed that the ‘ease of access to services’ (0.5660) criterion was the most decisive factor for residential suitability, whilst ‘distance to power transmission lines’ (0.1322) and ‘average rainfall’ (0.1315) were the most decisive factors for industry and agriculture, respectively. The suitability maps show that the Bandırma-Susurluk corridor is strategically prioritized for industry, whilst the Manyas-Gönen basin is prioritized for agricultural production. RPM scores (0.2750 for settlement, 0.6036 for industry, and 0.3868 for agriculture) quantify implementation priorities, providing a reliable decision-support tool for managing uncertainty in spatial planning.

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  İncele
• MakaleYalnız künye2026Scopus SJRQ2/r/munzur/1226
  Depositional settings and basin-fill evolution of the restricted platform system on the Intra Pontide belt during the Late Eocene-?Early Oligocene transition, western black sea region, Turkey

  Us, Muhammed Sami; Tekin, Erdoğan; Akgün, Funda; Kayseri-Özer, Mine Sezgül; Varol, Baki Erdoğan

  This study presents an integrated sedimentological, microfacies, and palynological analyses of the Late Eocene–?Early Oligocene (Priabonian–?Rupelian) Akçapınar Formation, exposed along the Soğanlı Stream in the Intra-Pontide Belt of the Western Black Sea region, Turkey. The formation, which overlies the evaporitic Pürçükören Formation and locally the Soğanlı Formation, records deposition in restricted shallow-marine to a lagoonal setting during a phase of significant tectonic and climatic reorganization. Detailed field mapping and measured stratigraphic sections, supported by petrographic, XRD, and SEM analyses, reveal mud-supported textures, limited faunal diversity, and thin-shelled gastropods, consistent with low-energy, brackish conditions. Palynological assemblages, identified here for the first time, refine the age constraints and document freshwater influence, whereas mineralogical data indicate alternating arid (smectite-rich) and humid (chlorite–illite-rich) intervals. Microfacies patterns (Mf1–Mf4) and lithofacies associations (Lf1–Lf8) were synthesized into three-dimensional depositional models, illustrating progressive basin restriction, episodic subaerial exposure, and evaporite precipitation. The multi-proxy approach, integrating sedimentology, microfacies, palynology, and mineralogy, refined the depositional model of the Akçapınar Formation, revealing facies heterogeneity driven by the interplay of tectonically induced basin isolation, relative sea-level fluctuations, and paleoclimatic oscillations during the Eocene–Oligocene transition, and providing new insights into the paleogeographic evolution of the northern Neo-Tethys during the final stages of its closure.

  İncele
• MakaleYalnız künye2026Scopus SJRQ1/r/munzur/1148
  Hydrogeochemical controls on chromium speciation and potential human health risks in surface waters of an ultramafic mining watershed

  Kutlu, Banu; Baydar, Tarık; Yıldırım, Vesile; Konurhan, Zekeriya

  Accurate assessment of chromium contamination in mining-influenced watersheds requires distinguishing between the environmentally contrasting Cr(III) and Cr(VI) species, yet environmental monitoring and risk assessments still rely predominantly on total chromium concentrations. This study evaluated whether chromium speciation provides additional information beyond operational total chromium for assessing chromium occurrence and potential human health risks in an ultramafic, mining-influenced watershed. Surface-water samples were collected from 28 sampling stations across the Pülümür and Ovacık regions of the Eastern Anatolia Basin (Türkiye) between March 2025 and February 2026. Chromium speciation was determined using species-specific UV–Visible spectrophotometric methods and integrated with hydrochemical characterization, multivariate statistical analyses, mineralogical investigations (XRD, SEM–EDS, and FTIR), and deterministic and empirical-bootstrap human health risk assessments. Operational total chromium, defined as the sum of separately measured Cr(III) and Cr(VI), ranged from below the detection limit to 578.13 µg L−1. For contextual screening, this calculated value exceeded World Health Organization (WHO) drinking-water guideline for total chromium at 14 stations; however, it was not an independently measured total-Cr concentration. The highest Cr(VI) concentration occurred at a localized hotspot, whereas Cr(III) predominated throughout most of the watershed. Nevertheless, Cr(VI)-based screening thresholds were exceeded at multiple stations under the assumed untreated drinking-water ingestion scenario, indicating that operational total chromium alone did not consistently identify the spatial distribution of Cr(VI)-related potential risk. Screening-level hazard quotient (HQ) estimates were higher for children than for adults; however, direct untreated consumption of the sampled surface waters was not verified. Mining-influenced stations generally exhibited higher chromium concentrations, although the relative contributions of geogenic weathering and mining-related mobilization could not be quantitatively apportioned. Overall, chromium speciation provided additional environmentally and toxicologically relevant information beyond operational total chromium for evaluating chromium mobility and screening-level potential human health risks in this ultramafic watershed.

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  İncele
• MakaleYalnız künye2026Scopus SJRQ2/r/munzur/998
  Stratigraphy, mineralogy, paleodepositional environment, and diagenetic evolution of the Pülümür evaporites (Tunceli, Eastern Anatolia, Türkiye)

  Us, Muhammed Sami

  The gypsum member of the Balpayam Formation (GMoBF) in the Pülümür Kırmızıköprü Basin (PKB), Eastern Anatolia, records a complex evaporitic system shaped by episodic tectonism, volcanism, and fluctuating hydrological conditions. Stratigraphic logging, facies analysis, and systematic sampling from outcrops and quarries enabled a detailed assessment of the evaporite succession. Petrographic data reveal pervasive secondary gypsum textures, including porphyroblastic, alabastrine, laminated, brecciated, and satin-spar fabrics preserving relics of primary anhydrite and calcite. XRD and FIB-SEM-EDS analyses identify gypsum, anhydrite, celestine, dolomite, calcite, clay minerals, and minor siliciclastic, clarifying diagenetic pathways. Diagenesis initiated with early calcite and aragonite precipitation, followed by replacement by primary anhydrite and gypsum under elevated Mg2+/Ca2+ ratios and shallow burial. Later hydration, dehydration, and rehydration cycles produced secondary gypsum with distinctive microtextures and micro-hydration channels. The PKB reflects a dual depositional system: a shallow, low-energy, restricted lagoon dominated by massive-laminated gypsum, stromatolitic textures, and organic-rich layers, and a comparatively deeper open marine setting with laminated-banded gypsum and transported gypsum arenite-rudite facies. Chicken-wire gypsum and anhydrite nodules indicate synsedimentary to early diagenetic formation under hypersaline conditions. A schematic depositional model constrains the temporal and spatial evolution of diagenetic processes, highlighting the interaction among evaporite deposition, tectonic activity, and environmental fluctuations in the southern Neo-Tethys Ocean of Eastern Anatolia.

  İncele
• MakaleYalnız künye2026Scopus SJRQ1/r/munzur/764
  Mineralogical and geochemical controls on Co-V-Pt-Ni enrichment in manganese mineralization: evidence from the Dilli deposit, Eastern Türkiye

  Gücer, Mehmet Ali; Çimen, Okay; Aktağ, Alican; Keskin, Serdar

  The growing demand for critical minerals driven by the global energy transition and advanced technologies highlights the importance of unconventional metal reservoirs. This study investigates the Ni-, Co-, V-, and Pt-enriched Dilli manganese deposit (Kemaliye-Erzincan, Eastern Türkiye) to constrain the mineralogical, geochemical, and genetic controls on critical metal enrichment in Mn oxide mineralization. An integrated approach combining field observations, petrography, X-ray diffraction (XRD), whole-rock geochemistry, mineral chemistry, and stable C-O isotope analysis was applied to better understand the potential origin of critical mineral enrichments. The mineralization is dominated by Mn4+-bearing oxides, principally pyrolusite and hollandite, accompanied by minor rhodochrosite. High MnO (39-64 wt%) and very low Al2O3 and Fe2O3 contents indicate chemical precipitation with negligible detrital input. Discrimination diagrams and trace-element systematics consistently support a structurally controlled hydrothermal origin. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns display low total REE and very low Nd contents comparable to typical hydrothermal deposits, whereas neutral to slightly positive Ce anomalies and non-chondritic Y/Ho ratios suggest limited oxidative interaction with surface-derived fluids rather than primary marine hydrogenetic growth. Stable C–O isotope compositions of co-genetic calcite are inconsistent with a purely marine depositional environment and indicate precipitation from low-to moderate-temperature hydrothermal fluids. Mineral chemistry reveals strong phase-specific partitioning: hollandite preferentially incorporates V and Ba, whereas pyrolusite is enriched in Ni. Cobalt occurs in both phases, whereas Pt may also be present in both Mn oxide phases, suggesting that trace-element distribution is influenced by both crystallochemical and physicochemical controls. The enrichment of Ni, Co, and Pt is most plausibly linked to hydrothermal fluid circulation through ultramafic units, which likely acted as the primary metal source prior to precipitation. The Dilli deposit thus represents a structurally controlled hydrothermal Mn system enriched in critical metals, emphasizing the exploration relevance of Mn oxide mineral chemistry in identifying alternative sources of critical metals in Türkiye.

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