Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları
Yazarlar
- Gul, Muhammet(85)
- Serdar, Osman(72)
- Güler, Ömer(68)
- Akkurt, Nevzat(61)
- Baskonus, Haci Mehmet(54)
- Alataş, Mevlüt(53)
- Paksoy, Mehmet Yavuz(53)
- Yucesan, Melih(53)
- Bulut, Hasan(51)
- Tekin, H.O.(51)
- ALMisned, Ghada(48)
- Yildirim, Numan(48)
- Benzer, Fulya(47)
- Kocabaş, Mehmet(45)
- Yildirim, Nuran Cikcikoglu(44)
- Kutlu, Banu(41)
- Ince, Muharrem(39)
- Zengin, Gokhan(39)
- Batan, Nevzat(37)
- Utku, Anıl(35)
- Celik, Erkan(33)
- Topal, Murat(32)
- Ezer, Tülay(31)
- Tanyol, Mehtap(31)
- Can, Erkan(30)
- Sulaiman, Tukur Abdulkadir(29)
- Aslan, Naim(28)
- Özkul, İskender(28)
- Aslan, Alper(27)
- Cakilcioglu, Ugur(27)
- Erguven, Gokhan Onder(27)
- Kutluyer, Filiz(27)
- Kök, Mediha(27)
- Ates, Mehmet(26)
- Erten, Fusun(26)
- Kahraman, Gökhan(26)
- Onat, Onur(26)
- Dal, Nursel Alp(25)
- Danabas, Durali(25)
- Say, Yakup(25)
Yayınlar
- MakaleYalnız künye2017Scopus SJRQ2Survey of wild food plants for human consumption in Bingöl (Turkey)
Polat, Rıdvan; Güner, Bülent; Babacan, Ebru Yüce; Çakılcıoğlu, Uğur
This study focused on the wild plants traditionally used for human consumption in Bingöl and its aim is to present data about the folk botanical knowledge and to give about their development in relation to plant resources and traditionally food culture. The information about the use of wild edible plants was collected from 6 different open-air-markets and 13 villages in the city during two-year period (2012-2013), through unstructured interviews. In this study, a total of 61 wild food plant taxa belonging to 25 families were established and also plant parts used, ethnographic data related to vernacular names, traditional use were recorded. Family Rosaceae is represented by the highest number of taxa (9), followed by Lamiaceae (8), Astaraceae (7), Apiaceae (6), Fabaceae (4) and Polygonaceae (3). The study showed that the plants used are either eaten raw, cooked by boiling in water, frying in oil or baked to be served as dishes such as stew, salad as hot drink. During this ethnobotanical research, it was verified that wild edible plants play an important role in diet in Bingöl. Furthermore, during our study Heracleum pastinacifolium C. Koch, Origanum acutidens (Hand.-Mazz.). Letsw, Prunus kurdica Fenzl ex Fritsch, Quercus petraea subsp. pinnatiloba (K. Koch) Menitsky has been recorded as endemic wild food plant taxa from Bingöl.
AtıfScopus43
İncele - MakaleAçık Erişim2017Scopus SJRQ2Calibration-free extraction of constitutive parameters of magnetically coupled anisotropic metamaterials using waveguide measurements
Hasar, U.C.; Buldu, G.; Bute, M.; Muratoglu, A.
A calibration-free method for extraction of electromagnetic properties of magnetically coupled anisotropic biaxial metamaterial (MM) slabs from waveguide measurements is proposed. It relies on three measurement steps (thru, empty line, and the same line arbitrarily loaded by the MM slab) to extract electromagnetic properties. It is evaluated against another calibration-dependent method for retrieval of electromagnetic properties of a MM slab constructed by C-shaped resonators. From evaluation analysis, we note that our method, as compared to the calibration-dependent method, not only accurately extracts electromagnetic properties without requiring the use of expensive calibration standards but also is reference-invariant.
AtıfScopus10OpenAlex11
İncele - MakaleYalnız künye2017Scopus SJRQ1Control of vortex shedding using a screen attached on the separation point of a circular cylinder and its effect on drag
Ozkan, Gokturk Memduh; Firat, Erhan; Akilli, Huseyin
The control of flow in the wake of a circular cylinder by an attached permeable plate having various porosity ratios was analyzed experimentally using both particle image velocimetry (PIV) and dye visualization techniques. The force measurements were also done in order to interpret the effect of control method on drag coefficient. The diameter of the cylinder and length to diameter ratio of the plate were kept constant as D=50mm and L/D=1.0, respectively. The porosity ratio, β, which can be defined as the ratio of open surface area to the whole body surface area, was taken as β=0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, and 0.8 (permeable plates). The study was performed considering deep water flow conditions with a constant Reynolds number of ReD=5000 based on the cylinder diameter. Each permeable plate was attached on the separation point and the results were compared with the results of cylinder without permeable plate (plain cylinder) in order to understand the control effect. Both qualitative and quantitative results revealed that the permeable plates of 0.4 ≤ β ≤ 0.6 are effective on controlling the unsteady flow structure downstream of the cylinder, i.e., the vortex formation length was increased, turbulent statistics was reduced and vortex shedding frequency was diminished when the permeable plate attached normal to the cylinder surface from the lower separation point. However, the drag force acting on the cylinder was found to be increased due to the increased cross-sectional area.
AtıfScopus16WoS15OpenAlex16İncele - MakaleAçık Erişim2017Scopus SJRQ2Antioxidant Response in Duckweed After Exposure to Secondary Effluent from Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant, Elazığ, Turkey
Tatar, Sule Yuksel; Obek, Erdal; Cikcikoglu Yildirim, Nuran
The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of the effluent of Elazig Municipality Wastewater Treatment Plant on the oxidative defense capacity of aquatic plants (Lemna minor L. and Lemna gibba L.). For this purpose, malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), vitamin A (retinol), vitamin E (α-tocopherol), and vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) levels were determined by the HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) in the control groups and the groups adapting to reactors fed with discharge water. The depletion of vitamins (A, E, and C), decrease of GSH/GSSG ratio, and increase of MDA that reflect a precarious state of the cell in L. minor L. and L. gibba L. were observed after exposure to wastewater. It can be suggested that the selected biomarkers are useful in understanding the biochemical mechanisms of the secondary effluents from wastewater treatment plant in L. minor L. and L. gibba L. as early warning indicators.
AtıfScopus6WoS8İncele - MakaleAçık Erişim2017Scopus SJRQ3Determining the phytochemical parameters of pisum sativum (Pease) and effects on the development of debaryomyces hansenii
Erecevit, Pınar; Kırbağ, Sevda
Objective: In this work; phytochemical parameters (fatty acid, vitamin, phytosterol, flavonoid and resveratrol contents, and antioxidant activities antimicrobial activities) of Pisum sativum (pease) extracts prepared with Debaryomyces hansenii were detected. P. sativum (pease) is known as one of the nutritional sources of prebiotics. Methods: Phytochemical contents of extracts were evaluated with device and assays like Shimadzu 17, Shimadzu brand HPLC, Spectrophotometer device and well agar methods respectively. Results: it was observed that total fatty acid, flavonoid, contents in pease extracts were at low levels and vitamin, and phytosterol contents were at changing. It was detected that total fatty acid, vitamin and phytosterol contents; at significant rates of pease extracts prepared with D. hansenii; however, flavonoid contents decreased at different rates. In the work, it was noticed that pease had increasingly antioxidant activities and antimicrobial activities at changing rates, acordingly at fatty acid, vitamin and phytosterol levels; at significant rates increased. On the other hand, flavonoid extracts demonstrated scarcely any antimicrobial activity. When antimicrobial activities of pease extracts containing D. hansenii were analyzed, they had effect at increasing rates of fatty acid, vitamin and phytosterol. On the other hand, it was demonstrated that flavonoid extracts did not have any antimicrobial activity against all of the microorganisms except Bacillus megaterium DSM 32. Conclusion: it was detected that pease which is known as prebiotic food, can be used in terms of proper prebiotic and the relationship of proper prebiotic-prebiotic (symbiotic) for the development of D. hansenii used in this study which is also accepted as probiotic yeast. It was observed that this yeast type developing in extracts obtained from pease affected other beneficial nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, phenolic compounds at varying rates.
AtıfScopus2WoS1OpenAlex2İncele - MakaleAçık Erişim2017Scopus SJRQ2The ability of Phanerochaete chrysosporium (ME446) on chemical oxygen demand remediation in submerged culture medium supplemented with malathion insecticide
Erguven, Gokhan Onder; Yildirim, Numan; Adar, Elanur
This present study aims to evaluating the efficiency of P. chrysosporium (P.c) to degrade the different concentrations of malathion (MLT) (50, 100 and 150 ppm) under agitated (130 rpm) submerged culture conditions via reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD). We have previously screening the growth of fungus in sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) medium for 6 days. We have also determined the laccase activity during degradation process for 15 days. According to our results the fungus has achieved 99.6, 98.8 and 98.7 % COD reduction at concentration of 50, 100 and 150 ppm respectively the end of the 15 days. The highest laccase activity (180 ± 5.69 U/L) was measured at concentration of 50 ppm the end of the 15 days and the lowest activity (36 ± 3.26) was determined at concentration of 150 ppm the end of the 15 days. The dried biomass of fungus was weighted at end of the 15 days and we have determined that malathion in culture medium reduced the biomass production compared the control group (SDB + P.c). Our results showed that, P. chrysosporium could be an effective bioremediation tool for treatment of malathion containing wastewater.
AtıfScopus11WoS11OpenAlex13İncele - MakaleYalnız künye2017Scopus SJRQ3Characterization of antioxidant activity, vitamins, and elemental composition of ciris (Asphodelus aestivus L.) from Tunceli, Turkey
Unal, Ilkay; Kaplan Ince, Olcay
Ciris (Asphodelus aestivus L.), which has been used for a wide range of medicinal purposes and is indigenous in Tunceli, Turkey, was collected from the eastern and western parts of the city. The goal of this study was to determine the vitamins, essential elements, and antioxidant activity of this natural product. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-hydrate radical scavenging activity, metal chelating activity, reducing power, total phenolics, and Vitamin A, Vitamin C, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, copper, manganese, and zinc concentrations were determined in ciris extracts. The concentrations of Vitamin A, Vitamin C, and Mn of ciris from west Tunceli were higher than samples from the east.
AtıfScopus7WoS7OpenAlex8İncele - MakaleYalnız künye2017Scopus SJRQ1Ohmic heating assisted vacuum evaporation of pomegranate juice: Electrical conductivity changes
Icier, Filiz; Yildiz, Hasan; Sabanci, Serdal; Cevik, Mutlu; Cokgezme, Omer Faruk
A novel electrical heating method, named as ohmic heating, was successfully integrated to vacuum evaporation system, and pomegranate juice was concentrated until its total soluble dry matter content reached to 40% by applying three different voltage gradients (7.5, 10, and 12.5 V/cm) at 180 mm Hg absolute pressure in this system. Total evaporation times were determined as 152, 78, and 53 min at the voltage gradients of 7.5, 10, and 12.5 V/cm, respectively. The concentration time of pomegranate juice was shortened about 56% by ohmic heating relative to conventional evaporation. The electrical conductivity values were increased up to reach 25% TSDM for 7.5 V/cm and at 35% TSDM for 10 V/cm, then showed a decreasing pattern. However, it was constant (0.55 ± 0.01 S/m) during evaporation process at 12.5 V/cm. It is recommended that the ohmic heating method could be successfully integrated to vacuum evaporation process to shorten the processing time significantly. Industrial relevance Ohmic heating has been utilized as alternative method for the purpose of heating, pasteurization, cooking etc., and relatively better products can be obtained by ohmic heating. Nowadays, energy efficient systems are needed in concentrated juice production. The integration of ohmic heating to the conventional vacuum systems could serve the production high quality juice concentrates with efficient use of energy. In present study, ohmic heating assisted vacuum evaporation of pomegranate juice was conducted, successfully. This method decreased the total process time for juice concentration, which is critically important for industrial scale productions. This novel method can be implemented to the fruit juice production lines by taking into account of design characteristics of ohmic systems such as electrical conductivity changes depending on both temperature and total soluble solids concentration. The effects of main process parameter, named as voltage gradient, on electrical conductivity changes during electrical heating assisted evaporation process has been also reported in the present study.
AtıfScopus93OpenAlex97İncele - MakaleAçık Erişim2017Scopus SJRQ3Fault location determination for transmission lines with different series-compensation levels using transient frequencies
Akmaz, Duzgun; Mamiş, Mehmet Salih; Arkan, Muslum; Tagluk, Mehmet Emin
In this paper, based on the theory of traveling waves, the fault distances on long transmission lines with various series-compensation levels are determined using transient current and voltage frequencies. Transmission lines with series compensation are modeled using Alternative Transients Program software with frequency-dependent effects on the line included in the simulation. The transient current and voltage signals are obtained from the model. A fast Fourier transform is used for frequency-domain conversion and fault location is estimated from the frequencies of fault-generated harmonics in the transient spectrum. The algorithm is implemented in MATLAB. To investigate the effect of compensation on accuracy, the results are obtained for different series-compensation levels. The undesirable source-inductance effect is removed and estimation accuracy is further improved using a waveform-relaxation method. The method is found to be successful in determining fault location on series-compensated transmission lines. The effects of the compensation level, fault resistance, and phase angle are investigated.
AtıfScopus6WoS6OpenAlex7İncele - MakaleAçık Erişim2017Scopus SJRQ2Rapid malachite green removal from aqueous solution by natural zeolite: Process optimization by response surface methodology
Tanyol, Mehtap
In this study, malachite green removal from aqueous solutions by natural zeolite was investigated. The interaction between zeolite and malachite green was determined by SEM/EDX and FTIR. The parameters like adsorbent dosage (0.1–1 mg/100 mL), initial malachite green concentration (40–200 mg/L) and the contact time (10–600 s) were optimized using the central composite design of response surface methodology. Maximum removal yield (99.70%) was obtained at an adsorbent dosage of 0.68 mg/100 mL, an initial malachite green concentration of 79.02 mg/L, and at 414 s contact time. The equilibrium process complied better with the Langmuir isotherm model, which exhibits a single layer adsorption, when compared with the Freundlich isotherm model. Adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order type kinetic and intra-particle diffusion played an important role onto adsorption mechanism of malachite green. The findings of this study demonstrated that zeolite which is found abundant on earth as a cheap and efficient adsorbent could be used for rapid malachite green adsorption from aqueous solutions.
AtıfScopus12WoS11OpenAlex13İncele - MakaleAçık Erişim2017Scopus SJRQ2A hybrid risk-based approach for maritime applications: The case of ballast tank maintenance
Gul, Muhammet; Celik, Erkan; Akyuz, Emre
Risk assessment is vital for cost-effective ship management in maritime industry since numerous maritime activities pose potential hazards according to the human causalities. Therefore, safety practitioners attempt to offer proactive approaches to mitigate risk as much as possible. In this context, this article presents a hybrid risk-based approach for maritime industry by adopting Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) with fuzzy VIKOR (FVIKOR) methods under Fine-Kinney approach. To illustrate the hybrid risk-based approach, ballast tank maintenance process is handled since there are various hazards causing fatalities, severe injuries, and illness during ballast tank maintenance procedure than any other type of shipboard work. An extensive risk analysis is performed to enhance environment safety and operational reliability in maritime industry. Besides its theoretical contribution, the outcomes of the paper contribute to improve overall safety level of ship by considering potential hazards in risk management.
AtıfScopus73WoS66OpenAlex71İncele - MakaleYalnız künye2017Scopus SJRQ3Using food waste biomass as effective adsorbents in water and wastewater treatment for Cu(II) removal
Ince, Muharrem; Ince, Olcay Kaplan; Asam, Eren; Önal, Ali
The present study investigated Cu(II) ion adsorption onto banana peel, chestnut shell, and tea leaf waste in aqueous medium under different experimental conditions. Batch adsorption studies were carried out with various Cu(II) concentrations as well as the influence of process parameters such as pH, contact time, and adsorbent amount on the removal of copper, and the optimum conditions for maximum removal of copper from an aqueous solution. These food waste biomass adsorbents were applied to mineral water and industrial wastewater samples and the copper removal potentials were compared. The nature of the adsorbents and metal ion interactions was examined by the fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) technique. The adsorption data were obtained by using the Langmuir model showing maximum adsorption capacity of banana peel, chestnut shell, and tea leaf waste at 1.94 mg g-1 2.25 mg g-1, and 3.36 mg g-1, respectively. Copper was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry.
AtıfScopus19İncele - MakaleAçık Erişim2017Performance comparisons of current metaheuristic algorithms on unconstrained optimization problems
Can, Umit; Alatas, Bilal
Nature-inspired metaheuristic algorithms have been recognized as powerful global optimization techniques in the last few decades.Many different metaheuristic optimization algorithms have been presented and successfully applied to different types of problems. In this paper; seven of newest metaheuristic algorithms namely, Ant Lion Optimization, Dragonfly Algorithm, Grey Wolf Optimization, Moth-Flame Optimization, Multi-Verse Optimizer, Sine Cosine Algorithm, and Whale Optimization Algorithm have been tested on unconstrained benchmark optimization problems and their performances have been reported. Some of these algorithms are based on swarm while some are based on biology and mathematics. Performance analysis of these novel search and optimization algorithms satisfying equal conditions on benchmark functions for the first time has given important information about their behaviors on unimodal and multi-modal optimization problems. These algorithms have been recently proposed and many new versions of them may be proposed in future for efficient results in many different types of search and optimization problems.
AtıfScopus12İncele - MakaleYalnız künye2017Scopus SJRQ2Phase-ambiguity-free and accurate permittivity determination from waveguide measurements
Hasar, U.C.; Buldu, G.
A microwave method has been proposed for accurate and unique extraction of relative complex permittivity (ϵr) of dielectric materials from 2π phase-ambiguity-free amplitude-only two-port and one-port scattering parameter measurements. Improved accuracy has been shown by the applied uncertainty analysis. For the validation of our method, ϵr of low-loss and lossy samples was extracted.
AtıfScopus2WoS2OpenAlex2İncele - MakaleYalnız künye2017Scopus SJRQ2Conformal, concircular, quasi-conformal and conharmonic flatness on normal complex contact metric manifolds
Vanli, Aysel Turgut; Unal, Inan
Conformal, concircular, quasi-conformal and conharmonic curvature tensors play an important role in Riemannian geometry. In this paper, we study on normal complex contact metric manifolds under flatness conditions of these tensors.
AtıfScopus12WoS13OpenAlex19İncele - MakaleAçık Erişim2017Scopus SJRQ2Adsorption of hazardous crystal violet dye by almond shells and determination of optimum process conditions by taguchi method
Goksu, Ali; Tanaydin, Mehmet Kayra
Almond shells are classified as an agricultural waste of the food industry. In this study, almond shells were prepared as efficient adsorbents for removing Crystal Violet (CV) dye. The effects of adsorbent dosage, pH, initial concentration, shaking speed, temperature and particle size were studied. The Taguchi L25 experimental design method was used to obtain the optimum experimental condition. The data were analyzed using the signal to noise (S/N) ratio and analysis of variance (ANOVA) for removal of CV from aqueous solutions. The isotherm data were obtained from the experiments performed. The obtained isotherm data were analyzed via the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models of which the Langmuir isotherm model fitted the best. Thermodynamic parameters such as ΔH°, ΔS° and ΔG° were calculated and the results were 18.5 kJ/mol, 0.057 kJ/mol K and –1.514 kJ/mol at 25°C, respectively. The results of this study indicate that almond shells are efficient adsorbents for removing Crystal Violet (CV) from aqueous solutions. The maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 1.075 mg/g on the almond shells. Adsorption kinetics studies showed that adsorption data can be modeled by a pseudo-second-order model. The optimum conditions for the adsorption on almond shells were found to be: adsorbent dosage = 0.5 g, concentration = 4 ppm, pH = 6, shaking speed = 200 rpm and shaking time = 180 min.
AtıfScopus27WoS23OpenAlex25İncele - MakaleAçık Erişim2017Scopus SJRQ2Investigation of various travelling wave solutions to the extended (2+1)-dimensional quantum ZK equation
Baskonus, Haci Mehmet; Bulut, Hasan; Sulaiman, Tukur Abdulkadir
In this paper, with the aid of the Wolfram Mathematica 9 program, we obtain some novel complex hyperbolic function solutions to the extended (2+1)-dimensional quantum Zakharov-Kuznetsov equation by using the sine-Gordon expansion method. We find some complex and hyperbolic function solutions. Subsequently, we plot 2D surfaces representing the obtained solutions by considering some suitable values of the parameters. At the end of this paper, we compare our results with the existing results in the literature by presenting comprehensive conclusions.
AtıfScopus38WoS36OpenAlex50İncele - MakaleYalnız künye2016Scopus SJRQ3Determination of Drying Kinetics of Tunceli Garlic with Microwave Drying Technique
Yoğurtçua, Hakan
Bu çalışmada, mikrodalga tekniği kullanılarak 90-600 W mikrodalga çıkış gücü aralığında 4 mm kalınlıktaki Tunceli sarımsağı (Allium tuncelianum) dilimlerinin kuruma kinetiği incelenmiştir. Deneysel verileri temsil etmek için on adet matematiksel model kullanılmıştır. Bu modellere uygunluğu gösteren determinasyon katsayısı (R2 ), ortalama hata kareleri karekökü (root mean square error, RMSE), ki- kare (?2 ) ve yüzde hata (% E) değerleri belirlenmiştir. Determinasyon katsayısı (R2 ) değerlerinin 0.9440-0.9993 aralığında değiştiği görülmüştür. Midilli et al modeli deneysel verileri temsil eden en iyi model olarak belirlenmiştir. Mikrodalga çıkış gücündeki (P) artma ile kuruma hızı artarken örnek kütlesindeki (m) artma ile kuruma hızının azaldığı görülmüştür. Farklı örnek kütleleri için etkin difüzyon katsayıları (Deff) ve kuruma hız sabitleri (k) 90 W mikrodalga çıkış gücünde belirlenmiştir. Hem kuruma hız sabitleri hem de etkin difüzyon katsayıları için Arrhenius tipi exponansiyel bir eşitlik kullanılarak aktivasyon enerjisi belirlenmiştir. Etkin difüzyon katsayılarından ve kuruma hız sabitlerinden aktivasyon enerjileri sırasıyla 3.85 W g-1 ve 3.99 W g-1 olarak belirlenmiştir.
AtıfTR Dizin4
İncele - MakaleYalnız künye2016Regarding the Pain of Miners: Representation of Soma Disaster in Press in Turkey
Özdemir, İnan; Keneş Çoban, Hatice
This article analyzes the discursive representation of 2014 Soma coal mine disaster in the most circulated five national newspapers (Zaman, Posta, Hürriyet, Sözcü, Sabah) in Turkey. As part of the analysis the newspapers were searched for a one-week period after the disaster (14-21 May 2014) and a total of 1169 news were found. The news were first analyzed with content analysis to depict the main topics of the coverage. In the second phase, the news were analyzed for their main discursive strategies. The results indicate that, despite their different political and editorial preferences, the newspapers overlooked the social, economic and political background of disaster by using three main discursive strategies: Generalization, dramatization and personalization. More specifically the press constructed a national mourning story from the pain of miners‟, dramatized the issue with focusing on the tragic stories about miners lives, deaths and heroisms and blamed the particular individuals for the causes of the mine, so that, the press covered the disaster with a class biased perspective.
AtıfTR Dizin3İncele - MakaleYalnız künye2016Follow up levels of football for detainees and convicts
Karahüseyinoğlu, Furkan; Kırtepe, Abdurrahman; Karahüseyinoğlu, M. Fatih; Gacar, Atalay
This study which aimed to find out how detainees and convicts in Open Prison and Execution İnstitution viewed themselves in terms of spectators, supporters and fans was conducted in 2015. 303 male detainees and convicts at Urfa-Siverek open prison and execution institution participated in the study. Data was analyzed through percentage and frequency distributions using descriptive statistical method. Khi square analysis results were taken into account for the significance of the relationship in terms of independent variables. As a result; Football tracking levels were separated and assessed conceptually as "spectators, supporterd and fanatics". 35.6% of convicts and prisoners defined themselves as supporters, 33.7% as spectators and 30.7% identified themselves as fans. Convicts and the prisoners were listed as supporters of Fenerbahce (31.7%), Galatasaray (25.7%), other (21.8%) and Besiktas (20.8%) teams. Majority of Galatasaray (38.4%) and Beşiktaş (42.9%) supporters themselves as supporters, while mostly Fenerbahce supporters defined themselves (43.8%) as "fanatic". Fanatical supporters were found to be upset if their teams lost and spectator, supporter or fanatics were mostly found to watch sports programs or matches
AtıfTR Dizin1İncele